Examining issues with audit quality

Examining issues with inspect tinctureThe major accounting s abidedals occurred globewide has brought the digest of public to the inspect profession and the canvas feeling. Enron and WorldCom cases in joined States and Parmalat case in Europe be the example of major scandals as a result of the ill of analyse operate. In Malaysia, the Transmile case which relate around RM530 million of accounting fraud has too caterressed the c solelying about the grapheme of canvass services. These examples of corporate and accounting scandals that happened worldwide fetch indicated that the scrutinize whole tone of the analyse profession is not at an curb and acceptable level.Over years, the take stock tonus issue has been hash outed and debated worldwidely. Several attains encounter been taken by multi discipline and domestic authorized agencies to address the take stock prize issue. For example, the government of unite States has introduced and enacted the Sarba nes-Oxley Act in 2002 as a response to the scrutinise failure in big major corporations, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Enron and World Com. In addition, the Center for study flavour has been effected in United States as one of the measuring sticks to provoke the analyseed accounted account reference of scrutinise profession. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of jibe (MIA) plays a vital intent in addressing the analyze issue and promoting and enhancing the musical note of scrutinize.Generally, the voice of inspecting is to countenance reasonable assurance that the monetary statements ar disposed(p) and presented in a true and reliable view and complimentary from material misstatements. The visit reports and analyseed financial statements go out be widely intentiond by the conglomerate groups of stakeholders for decision making. Hence, scrutinise flavor is an authorized broker that expunges the credibility of the canvased financial statements as perceived by the stakeholders. In other words, soaring analyze feeling is necessary criteria to build up stakeholders confidence on the scrutinize profession. consort to Gaurav Shah, on that point be five primal steps that should be followed to produce a quality canvas. Firstly, meeters should plan the size up thoroughly afterward(prenominal) clearly considering the objectives and directions of analyseing and clearly define the agenda of inspect. Next, analyzeors should perform the study procedures according to the scope and goal set in the earlier step and continuous measure the performance of the canvass whole caboodle in rove to deflect whatever unnecessary variances happened during analyze process. The third step is to cross-file the result of performance, including any errors and problems and report purloinly the result to the instruction level. Subsequently, cleansements should be make on the audit process by solving any detected problems. Lastly, fo llow up audit should be conducted for the control function to avoid any recurring of problems.2.0 AUDIT QUALITYIn fellowship to downstairsstand cle atomic number 18r the concept and development of audit quality, we will discuss the explanation and dimension of audit quality, the audit quality gaps, the factors that affect the audit quality and the relationship betwixt audit fees and audit quality in this section.2.1 commentary of canvas prime(a)There is no specific definition for audit quality in the auditing standards. Generally, people accent on the reliability of the audited financial statements when referring to audit quality. When an audit is said to view high quality, the financial statements ar normally free from material misstatements and able to volunteer reliable schooling for decision making.Traditionally, audit quality has been defined by DeAngelo (1981) as the merchandise-assessed knock probability that a give auditor will both(prenominal) uncover (a) a breach in the clients accounting system and (b) report the breach. to a lower place much(prenominal)(prenominal) definition, there atomic number 18 twain main features in audit quality, which atomic number 18 the competence of auditors by possessing necessary knowledge to made reclaim judgment or discover problems on clients accounting system and the independency of auditors to disclose these problems.On the other hand, the Audit Quality publication by ICAEW in 2002 indicated that audit quality is related to the captain opinion prone by auditors based on all-important(a) marchs and objective judgments. Hence, it is important to understand clearly what is expected on auditors full treatment to provide an subdue professional opinion on financial statements in rescript to get hold of high audit quality.2.2 Dimensions of Audit QualityThe AUDITQUAL model check to the AUDITQUAL model by Angus Duff (2004), there were nine different dimensions in assessing audit quality, wh ich were re locateation, capability, independence, expertise, father, responsiveness, empathy, client service and non-audit services. These nine dimensions were closely interrelated to represent the integral picture of audit quality. Besides, these nine dimensions can be grouped into two distinct factors that relating to technological quality and service quality.Technical quality is mainly related to the competence and independence of auditors, such as their skilful skills, haleness and ability to express objective judgment and opinion. Hence, the dimensions related to technical quality are reputation, capability, independence, expertise and experience.On the other hand, service quality thinkes on issues related to audit clients, such as the supernumerary value-added services provided and the responsiveness to the needs of clients. The dimensions of audit quality under this service quality are responsiveness, client service, non-audit services and empathy.2.3 Audit Quality GapsAudit quality and failure had become one of the chance upon issues in the audit profession mainly due(p) to the perception gaps of audit quality. According to Angus Duff (2004), there are totally eight gaps universe identified in the audit quality model. These gaps are mainly the different perception of audit quality betwixt different parties, such as the auditors, clients and stakeholders, and regulators.With referring to the diagram above, Gap 1 is the discrepancy between the client expectations and the perception of audit firm on client expectations. Gap 2 represents the unlikeness between client expectations and the quality standards of audit firm. Gap 3 refers to the departure between the quality standards of audit firm and the observed quality on audit. The difference between the promises made about audit quality by dint of external intercourse and the quality of audit forms Gap 4. All Gap 1 to Gap 4 actually represent the quality differences which happen deep dow n the audit firm.On the other hand, Gap 5 represents the client expectations and the clients perception of the audit quality delivered. Gap 6 is the discrepancy between the client expectations on what auditor should fall upon and what auditor can reasonably be expected to attain. The difference between what auditor can reasonably be expected to attain and the auditors responsibilities as stated in laws and regulations creates Gap 7. Gap 8 is the difference between auditors responsibilities as stated in laws and regulations and the actual performance of auditor. The usually said of audit expectations gap in audit profession is jointly represented by Gap 6 to Gap 8.2.4 Factors Influencing Audit QualityAccording to the Audit Quality framework develop by financial Reporting Council (FRC) of UK in 2008, there are five key drivers that affect the audit quality. These five key drivers are the nuance within an audit firm, the personal qualities and skills of audit partners and stave, the in force(p)ness of audit process, the audit reportings reliability and usefulness, and the factors removed the control of auditors.An audit firms culture is significantly affects the ways of how audit works and processes being performed. A heavy and positive culture will today increase the audit quality of an audit firm. The top management of audit firm should create a positive environment that encourages the audit staff to achieve high quality in audit works. In addition, congruous quantify and resources should be available for e truly audit works to recruit and throw the audit quality. Financial considerations should not be the main focus or factor that affects the allocation of clip and resources. An appropriate control and monitor system should be designed and put in place to sentry duty the quality of audit too.Audit is a service instead than a product. The quality of audit service may vary when the audit is performed by different people. Hence, human factor i s important in determining audit quality. Audit partners and staff should equip with necessary skills, knowledge and professional suspicion in edict to provide high quality audit works. It is important for auditors to understand well the environment of the clients business and adhere to the applicable auditing principles and honourable standards. ripe training should be given to auditors to develop their competency and capabilities. The works of junior auditors should always be monitored and reviewed by senior auditors or partners to chink the quality of audit.The audit process is one of the key drivers to audit quality too. Appropriate audit methodology and tools should be use in audit according to situation. Audit partners and senior auditors should be always involve in the audit process to provide fitting support and monitor on audit process. In addition, auditors should gather sufficient and relevant audit depict to support the judgment and conclusion reach end-to-end t he audit process. fitting audit documentation should be put in place too. Further more than, it is important to consider and maintain the level of independence, objectivity and integrity of auditors in the audit process to ensure the audit quality.The way how an audit being describe will affect the quality of an audit too. Audit reports should be prepared in an appropriate form that follow the guidance of relevant standards. Audit reports shouls be written by using clear language without ambigous words. Proper opinion and conclusion should be provided in audit reports regarding the true and fair views of the financial statements. In addition, proper and clear communication with audit direction is necessary and such action will provide apositive impact on the audit quality.Factors that outside the control of auditors as well as play an important routine in the quality of audit. For example, the corporate governance of an giving medication is important to enhance the audit quali ty. An adequate and good corporate governance within an organization directly assists the auditors in performing audit and hence increase the audit quality. The another example of factors outside the auditors control is the use of goods and services and behaviour of audit committee. An audit committee should always actively address the issues identified throughout the audit process. Other examples of factors outside the control of auditors implicate the role of shareholders and the audit regulatory environment.2.5 Audit Quality and Audit FeesAudit quality is something that is intangible and unobservable. Hence, the audit fees are usually used as a procurator for audit quality in many look studies. Generally, there is strong positive relationship between audit fees and audit quality.In place to achieve higher(prenominal)(prenominal) audit quality, it is necessary to conduct more investigating and audit procedures on the financial statements. This resulted in more audit hours an d higher audit fees. In addition, the use of more senior auditors and specialized auditors withal is required to achieve higher audit quality. This resulted in higher audit fees too. Hence, it can be concluded that higher audit fees should be an validatory evidence to reflect higher audit quality be wooing more resources and efforts has been put in to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free from material misstatement.In 2002, the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) had issued the MIA-By Laws (On Professional Conduct and Ethics) and the laws exhaust provided guidance and testimonial for setting appropriate audit fees. The audit fees should be charged based on the total time exhausted for incident audit works and the charge-out rate of the related auditors. Therefore, the longer the time spent and the more the number of auditors involved, the higher the audit fees. This should later reflect in higher audit quality.3.0 AUDIT QUALITY ISSUESDue to the l imitation of pages, we will completely discuss five audit quality issues in this section, which are inconsistency of audit quality crosswise countries, reduced audit quality practices (RAQP), iodin audit quality issue, world-wide Standard on Quality Control (ISQC) and the corporate governance issue.3.1 Inconsistency of Audit Quality across CountriesThe key element of audit quality is its consistency. The nature and process of an audit should be the same regardless the size of the organizations and the countries where the audit is performed. However, it is a global challenge to maintain the inter subject field consistency on audit quality when across countries.The inconsistency of audit quality across countries is mainly due to the national differences in the following aspects (ICAEW, 2010).Political, scotch and business environmentThe characteristics of political, sparing and business environment play a significant role on the audit quality of financial statements. The national differences included the corruption and bribery level, the business ethics level, the number and rights of foreign investors and the quality of governance in economic activities.Legal frameworkWithout a formal and bump off ratified framework, it is surd to achieve high audit quality. According to the Fundamentals deuce-ace Parties published by Audit Quality Forum of ICAEW, it is important to eat up supportive legal framework for auditors to obtain relevant and reliable breeding from third parties.The excessive threat of litigation and legal liability can adversely bear upon the audit quality. Excessive litigation may cause auditors to view standards as rigid rules without proper judgment in their application. In addition, excessive litigation may likewise prevent the merely evolution and innovation in standards and practice.EducationInconsistency of audit quality in different countries may due to the countries education system and their global connectivity level, such as the degree of internationalist communications and relationships.The financial exertions and prep of financial statements should be overview by financially literate person with relevant knowledge, skills and experience so that relevant accounting standards can be applied accurately. On the other hand, auditors should possess adequate and necessary knowledge, skills and experience to need out works with proper professional judgment and skepticism.CultureAccording to Hofstede (1980), there were four-spot main dimensions of national culture, which were individualism versus collectivism, strong versus wakeful uncertainty avoidance, large versus small superpower distance, and masculinity versus femininity. Different culture between different countries may affect the way a business is operated and certain behaviour to be acceptable or not.For example, Malaysia is a multicultural society where directors of organizations may come from different ethnic backgrounds. The different in et hnic background caused different hold in cultural values. Hence, the directors of organizations may perceive audit quality differently.Perceptions of auditThe auditors in different ground may perceive audit quality differently due to the continuance of time over which regulations and systems about accounting and auditing had been developed, and the origins and development of audit service. The motivations of auditors also influence the perceived audit quality too.Several initiatives had been taken to promote the international consistency of audit quality. One of these initiatives is strengthening the adoption of supranational Standards on Auditing (ISAs) and worldwide Standards on Quality Control (ISQCs) issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards tabular array (IAASB). In addition, national independent audit backsliding bodies are established, such as Public Companies Accounting Oversight jury (PCAOB). Besides, national regulators had arranged agreements bet ween countries to rely on each others works.To further encourage the consistency of audit quality across countries, the following four areas of potential action can be considered (ICAEW, 2010).Share experienceIn consecrate to improving communication and building up necessary skills to achieve consistency and audit quality, it is crucial to share information and experience between auditors on how to build on current practices and potential new use of information technology (IT). This can be done through international exchange and education programmes that expose auditors to new and different environments.Sharing experience and practice is not only limited to audit firms and audit firms networks, it also can happen between national professional accountancy bodies and national regulators and between national and global organizations.Acknowledge national differencesInternational standards should focus more on how national differences may affect audit risk. In addition, standards should have adequate flexibility for auditors to exercise professional judgment to barter with misstatement risks in order to suit with the related national environment.Promote the role of auditThe role of audit can be promoted to identify the issues of economic development. When a country facing problems to issue clean audit reports and such problems could not be solved by acknowledging national differences or overlap experience, it gives a sign that there are certain issues need to be resolved, normally related to the political, economic, and business environment or the legal framework.The IAASB standards should be implemented internationally in order to help highlight the national differences and support economic development.Support researchAcademic research and studies are important in contri notwithstandinging to the consistency in audit quality across countries. Various issues and information are explained clearly in the research papers for better and thorough judgment by others. These issues include the effective ways of sharing experience globally, the acknowledgment of national differences within international standards and the connection between the audit practice and issues of economic development.3.2 Reduced Audit Quality Practices (RAQP)In the post-Enron era, auditors are said to be on the job(p) under high twinge particularize in the competitive audit market because they are required to perform more audit works but no increase in their audit fees. The behaviours of auditors under such condition directly affect the audit quality and thus rise up an important issue in the auditing profession. Due to the cost-quality conflict and high working pressure, many auditors had engaged in the Reduced Audit Quality Practices (RAQP).According to Herrbach (2001), RAQP can be defined as the poor execution of an audit procedure that reduces the level of evidence gathered for the audit, so that the collected evidence is unreliable, false or inadequate quantitativ ely or qualitatively. The occurrence of RAQP is considered as normal phenomena in the current audit profession and it does occur in various countries across the world, such as Australia, United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Malaysia. Generally, it is important for auditors to identify the factors that lead to RAQP, such as the time budget pressure, in order to understand well the adverse personal effects of the factors on auditors and audit quality, and hence manage such factors better.In fact, the RAQP has affected the audit quality directly as well as indirectly. Underreporting of time is an example of auditors behaviour that indirectly affects the audit quality. Due to underreporting of time, several problems, such as lack of budget revision and unrecognized time pressure on future audit, arose that will give impact on the audit quality. The RAQP that normally has direct impact on the audit quality are the incomplete implementation of necessary audit programs and proced ures in order to complete audit tasks. Such practices include accept weak client explanations or doubtful evidence, premature signing-off, fail to research an accounting principle, reduce the aggregate of work performed on audit step and so on. (Mohd Nazli et al., 2010)The RAQP is an issue in the audit profession of Malaysia too. It seen that there is an increasing number of auditors engaged in such unprofessional and unethical behaviours and thus giving a minus effect on the audit opinion and audit quality. The weak enforcement by relevant bodies in addressing the RAQP issue is said to be the significant factor that caused the high occurrence of such practices in Malaysia. For example, the Malaysian Institute of Accountant (MIA) is said to be failed in taking appropriate disciplinary actions against bedraggled auditors. Furthermore, there were only a little litigation cases against auditors in Malaysia. (Mohd Nazli et al., 2010)3.3 hit Audit Quality anesthetiseThe grants recei ved by state and local anesthetic governments from the federal government have been change magnitude significantly over years. For example, the grants given by the federal government of United States to its state and local governments had increased from $7 billion in 1960 to around $450 billion in 2007. Hence, it is very important to adopt a iodine and uniformly structured audit to oversight the activities. This single audit concept is mainly used to provide reasonable assurance to the federal government about the use and management of the grants. (GAO, 2007)Hence, the single audit is clearly a significant mechanism to dig into the accountability of the governments on the use and management of its funds. However, many countries, such as United States, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, are facing problems about the sufficiency and quality of the single audit. For example, the Presidents Council on Integrity and Efficiency (PCIE) of United States had identified serious single audit quality in its report with title Report on National Single Audit Sampling Project in 2007. much than half of the single audits performed had been identified with deficiencies and therefore such single audits were being classified as unreliable or unacceptable audits.In order to address the single audit issue, the PCIE with support from the Government Accountability positioning (GAO) has made some recommendations to address this issue in the same report. These recommendations includeThe single audit standards, criteria and guidance should be revised and improved.In order to conduct and perform single audits continuously, auditors are required to establish and maintain the minimum continuing professional education (CPE).The disciplinary processes should be reviewed and compound to deal with unacceptable audits and auditors that not meet the basic training and CPE requirements.3.4 International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC 1)The International Auditing and Assurance Board (IAAS B) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has approved and implemented the International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC 1) in 2004. Later in June 2006, the MIA has adopted the ISQC 1 as the approved auditing standard in Malaysia. All registered practitioners in Malaysia are required to comply with this new quality control standard and additional responsibilities have been imposed on them.Generally, the ISQC 1 is able to enhance the audit quality by focusing on the quality control within the firms. There are six quality control elements stated in the ISQC 1 that must be addressed in a encyclopedic way. These six quality control elements are the leadership responsibilities for quality, ethical requirements, borrowing and continuance of client relationships and specific engagements, human resource, engagement performance and monitoring. As stated in ISQC 1, audit firms are required to document all evidences of the operation of all the six elements in their quality c ontrol systems and hold back the documentation for an adequate period.The adoption and implementation of ISQC 1 could generally improve the quality of the audit practices by auditors besides increasing the quality control within audit firms. However, many small and medium audit firms in Malaysia had pessimistic perceptions on the adoption and implementation of ISQC 1. Similar result has been shown on the survey conducted in South Africa (Research Project, 2005). Most of them opined that such standards just core their works and responsibilities because there are insufficient partners or staff to take up the quality control team due to the size of the audit firms. Furthermore, the ISQC 1 is said to be not user friendly because many partners and staff felt difficult to understand the standards and implement the standards in normal practice. This may due to the lack of exposures and training on the ISQC 1. (Aida Hazlin Ismail et al., 2008)3.5 somatic Governance IssueOne of the initi atives that had been taken by many countries to promote high audit quality is enhancing the corporate governance of an organization. For example, in Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of Corporate Governance (MICG) had introduced the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) after the economic turmoil in 1997.When referring to corporate governance, people normally focus on the board of directors of organizations. The two main and observable characteristics of board of directors are the board composition and the separation of roles of Chairperson of the board and the Chief executive director Officer (CEO). The MCCG has provided guidance and recommendation on these matters.According to MCCG, an effective and well-balanced board of directors should have a certain proportion of independent directors. The MCCG has recommended the organizations in Malaysia should have a minimum of one-third independent directors on the board. This action can improve the oversight and control of board on entities operation and avoid too much power being placed on the CEO and top management. According to the governance theory, the independent directors should always harbor the interests of shareholders by using higher audit quality services because auditing is a good monitoring activity to control the behaviour of management. (Zalailah Salleh et al., 2006)In addition, the MCCG also recommends the organizations of Malaysia to separate the role and function of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board. This recommendation is to avoid the unnecessary conflict of interest and the domination of power and authority by a single person in decision making. By separating the power and authority, the independent Chairperson of board is expected to have a higher demand on higher audit quality. (Zalailah Salleh et al., 2006)Furthermore, the MCCG also provides guidance and recommendation on audit and accountability. According to the MCCG, the board of directors has the responsibility to mainta in an appropriate relationship with the external auditors of the organization by establishing transparent and formal arrangements. (Zalailah Salleh et al., 2006)As a conclusion, it is important to maintain the independent of the board of directors and separate the role of the CEO and the Chairperson in order to maintain the high audit quality of organizations.4.0 RECOMMENDATIONThe audit quality issues have been debated around the world for a long time periods. Different research papers and studies have investigated and discussed the importance and shortfall of audit quality in recent years. In order to improve the audit quality, several recommendations has been proposed. Hence, in this section, we will discuss and elaborate some recommendations for improvement of audit quality.Understanding the nature of audit qualityAudit quality should be recognized as a multi-dimensional construct. Researchers, educators, auditors and other relevant parties should always view audit quality in bro ader aspects, which should include both the service quality, such as responsiveness and empathy, and the technical quality, such as the reputation, capability and independence. Undeniably, there are empirical relationships occurred between the factors which explain the service quality and technical quality even though these two facets of audit quality have been viewed as distinct constructs. Hence, it is difficult to improve the audit quality by focusing on only single aspect and missing out the other relevant variables and aspects. stress on the perception of audit quality by clients and stakeholdersIn order to improve the audit quality of the services provided by audit firms and auditors, it is essential to understand clearly what audit quality is perceived by the clients and stakeholders, who are mainly the key users of the audit reports and audited financial statements. According to the survey conducted in the Auditqual Dimension of Audit Quality by Angus Duff in 2004, both audi tors, clients and stakeholders rated the reputation and capability dimensions of technical quality as the highest in their perception of audit quality. Hence, the reputation of firms and the capabilities of audit staff and partners seen to be the key factors when promoting the audit services to clients. This clearly show that clients and stakeholders are valuing much more on the firms reputation and auditors capabilities rather than other factors, such as the non-audit services provided.Proper systems to monitor and improve audit qualityThe audit firms provide services rather than products to their clients. Therefore, it is important for audit firms and auditors to provide the highest level of audit quality for their clients in order to gain sustainable competitive reinforcement and a leading position in the audit market. An adequate understanding of the clients perception on audit quality should be used as a basis to monitor and improve the audit quality. In addition, the audit fi rms should understand and minimize the audit quality expectation gaps which occur both within the audit firms and between the perception of clients, stakeholders and auditors. Hence, proper systems should be developed and put in place to continuously monitor the perception of audit quality by clients, identify the reasons for the shortfalls of audit quality and design appropriate actions to improve the audit quality.Employ, retain and develop competence staffAs noted before, audit is a service provided by individual rather than a product. Hence, the audit quality is significantly dependent on the quality of the individual. Every audit firms should then employ, retain and develop high-caliber staff in order to provide high quality audit services that add values to the clients. The good quality staff should be equipped with adequate and necessary technical and interpersonal skills to deliver high level of technical quality and service quality to the clients and stakeholders in their a udit works. Therefore, it is important for audit firms to properly screen individuals before employment being made through appropriate tests and assessments. After employment, continuous effective communication with staff should be established to retain and develop high quality staff. Examples of effective communication include open meetings, feedback via intranet and independen