KM Tutorial Ans

208KM tutorial 5 Ans head 1 Ans Show why R&D management is dependent on industrial context. function This question explores the extent to which students understand the importance of industrial context. R&D operations in the industrial chemical industry will be completely different from those in the nutrition industry. For example, R&D managers in industrial chemicals companies may not eat up to deal with brand managers, whereas in the food industry brand managers will be very influential. Similarly, consumer inquiry scientists will have a significant influence on finding making in consumer markets but not in industrial markets.Question 2 Discuss the range of operable R&D activities. swear out escort 8. 1 illustrates the R&D operations commonly found in al just about every major interrogation and development department. They may have different labels, but within Siemens, Nokia, BMW and Shell such operations ar well documented. In sm every(prenominal)er organisations the ac tivities ar less diverse and may include only a few of these operations. This section explains what activities one would impart to find within each type of R&D operation. To tending put these activities in context, encounter 9. shows how they relate to the product life-cycle framework. They are grassroots Research Applied Research Product Development Technical work Question 3 What was the traditional view of R&D? conclude After the Second World War, research and development played an primal role in providing firms with competitive advantage. Technical developments in industries such as chemicals, electronics, automotive and pharmaceuticals led to the development of galore(postnominal) new products, which produced rapid growth. For a while it seemed that engine room was capable of almost anything.The traditional view of R&D has therefore been overcoming genuine technological roblems, which subsequently leads to railway line opportunities and a competitive advantage over on es competitors. Question 4 Not all firms invest in RD. What should be the level of expenditure on RD for a firm? resultant One of the most useful guides is to look at industry average expenditure. This will erect a guide to what a firm in a finical industry probably an annual budgetary basis. It requires a longer-term approach change noesis to be acquired and built up over time.This often leads to tensions with different functions that are planning projects and activities. It is unusual for unlimited funds o be available, and hence business functions usually compete with other departments for funds. A wide deal depends on the culture of the organisation and the industry within which it is run (see Chapters 3 and 6). Pilkington, for example, spends proportionally large sums on RD -many rank too some(prenominal) especially when one considers its more recent accomplishment (Financial Times, 1998). Other companies spend very little on RD but huge amounts on sales and merchan dising.This is the case for the financial serve industry. So, one of the most difficult decisions facing senior management is how much to spend on RD. Many companies now report RD expenditure in their annual reports. It is now relatively user-friendly to establish, for example, that Rubbermaid spent 14 per cent of sales on RD in 1994 however, exactly how the company arrived at this figure is less clear. Question 5 What are the main strategic activities of RD? Answer The management of research and development needs to be fully unified with the strategic management process of the business.This will enhance and support the products that marketing and sales offer and provide the company with a technical be of knowledge that can be used for future development. Too many usinesses fail to integrate the management of research and applied science fully into the boilersuit business strategy process (Adler et al. (1992)). A report by the European Industrial Management Association (EIRMA, 1985) recognises RD as having trinity distinct areas, each requiring investment RD for existing businesses, RD for new businesses and RD for exploratory research (see Figure 8. ). These three strategic areas can be broken down into operational activities 00 defend, support and expand existing businesses drive new businesses and broaden and sharpen technological capability. Discuss some of the strategic pressures on RD. Answer In virtually all RD functions there is a trade-off between concentrating resources in the pursuit of a strategic knowledge competence and spreading resources over a wider area to allow for the construction of a more general knowledge base. Figure 8. 5 shows the demands on technical resources.The growth of scientific and technological areas of interest to the firm pressurises research management to fund a wider number of areas, represented by the upward curve. The need for strategic positioning forces the decision to focus resources and build strategic knowle dge competencies, represented by the downward curve. Question 7 What is meant by technology leverage? Answer While it is tempting to say that technology influences the competitive performance of all businesses, in reality some businesses are more heavily influenced than others.In many mature and established industries, the cost of in the warm genuines is much more of an influence on the competitive performance of the business than are technology developments. For example,the price paid for commodities like coffee, cocoa and excoriation can dramatically influence profits in many food industries. Even if the business was to substantially increase the level of RD nvestment, its competitive position would still be determined by raw material prices.Several attempts have been made by industry to quantify this gene when considering the level of RD investment required. Scholefield (1993) developed a set using the concept of technology leverage. This is the extent of influence that a businesss technology and technology base have on its competitive position. In general, technology leverage will be low when the influence of raw material and distribution costs and economic growth is high. High-volume, bulk commodity products would come to within this scenario.

Prespectives on Personality Essay

The study of genius is one of the major topics of arouse within psychology. Numerous personality theories exist, and most of the major ones fall in to one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to recognize different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form and how people differ on an single(a) level. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Thepsychoanalytic perspectiveof personality emphasizes the importance of earlier childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.This perspective on personality was created by shrink Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a piece of different ways, including through dreams, free association and slips of the tongue. Neo-Freudian theorists, including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler andK atomic number 18n Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious, solely disagreed with other aspects of Freuds theories. The Humanistic Perspective The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will and personal awareness.It takes a more(prenominal) positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. The Social cognitive Perspective The sociable cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of data-based learning, self-efficacy, situational gos and cognitive processes. Major Theorists and Their Theories Sigmund FreudStressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality. Erik EriksonEmphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis and how personality is shaped over the course of the freehanded(a) lifespan. Carl JungFocused on concepts such as the collective unconscious,archetypesand psychological types. Alfred AdlerBelieved the encumbrance motive behind personality involves striving for super iority, or the desire to thrash challenges and move closer toward self-realization. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal. Karen HorneyFocused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of creation isolated and alone in the world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that similarly play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent-child relationship. What is the Trait theory The characteristic approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The quality theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would exposit the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would disceptation a number of traits, such asoutgoing,kindandeven-tempered.A trait can be thought of as a relatively steadfast characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. The Trait Persp ective The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the particular(prenominal) traits that perform up human personality. By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can split up comprehend the differences between individuals GordonAllports Trait Theory In 1936, psychologistGordon Allport install that one English-language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He categorized these traits into three levels Cardinal TraitsTraits that dominate an individuals whole life, a great deal to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. peck with such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the following descriptive terms Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissism, Don Juan, Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and carry to dev elop later in life. 2 Central TraitsThese are the familiar characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as grand as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Terms such asintelligent,honest,shyandanxiousare considered central traits. Secondary TraitsThese are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a classify or impatient while waiting in line.

Environmental Factors in Colombia Essay

Organizations ar not isolated of what happens in the surround outside them, they submit uncertainty in dealing with events in the extraneous surround and they view as to aline to rude(a) changes regarding customers, government, economic conditions and technology.It is very central for organizations in Colombia to arrive aw are of their environment because assessing it could make them more than(prenominal) competitive and solelyow them to adapt and survive in the market, but the uncertainty Colombia in terms of globalization, technology, knowledge, demand, and so on is making organization to rethink about strategies and new managements to do lineage and to address all of the factor in the international environment.The factors cause organization complexity in Colombia are addressed by Daft, they are both internal and external industry, humans imagings, tender material, markets, international, government, sociocultural, economic and proficient factors.For fount, in C amacol (Cmara Colombiana de Construccin) the lack of legal stability threats development opportunities in large cities and scares away national and international investors. It makes necessary that the rules established for projects are maintained and are not changing both day, thats wherefore head directors in Camacol proposed to the government new ways to manage the permissions and manage the decisions taken by majors in areas adjacent to Bogot. (Pas, 2014). This is important for the construction sector because its development brings with it the increase of an important discipline of activities in industries and related to services, contributing in this way to increase employment and to the satisfaction of an important set of take aways of the population, in this case, the access to housing services.Nowadays we kitty not talk about uncertainty avoidance or external environment without talking about globalization, reducing b recites and forcing businesses to prepare increasi ngly for foolery in diverse markets, ensuring its validity in the market. To achieve this, it is necessary for organizationsto realize new strategies of growth, market penetration, creation of own responsibilities, coordination and adaptation of the products to various markets fit in to their needs.Many organizations that substantiate been integrated into international markets require found the need to modify their products or strategies to meet the needs of its customers, because the factors that determine the environment change. For usage Juan Valdez, have found the need to deal with government regulations in different countries, and lately with the entrance of a new competitor in Colombia, to a fault they had to change its technology processes to transform coffee to sell it in every store and to make it more efficient and effective, reducing costs this benignant of changes not barely help businesses in Colombia but in all countries the organization is in.Also there are I nternational Organizations in Colombia that have adapted their processes to Colombias complex environment and have succeeded CEMEX is the tangible cogent evidence that the competitiveness in a globalized world is the result of a set of factors, a clear direction, state-of-the-art technology, human capital, good financial management, investments in infrastructure, etc. , and, between them, the actions taken in the aspects of Corporate Social office have given the company a signifi terminatet competitive advantage.A really important factor for any organization is the human resource and sociocultural. In Colombia the labor movement that happened in 2013 and remained in 2014 called Paro agrario not only affected the government laws and relationships but also affected organizations that use raw materials produced in the rural sector. This represented a huge challenge for business managers, because of the workers demands. Not addressing this kind of problems with contingency plans would have caused major loss of profit, suppliers and market. The human resource sector is one of the most important factors in the external environment because it concerns employees, suppliers, customers, and mostly any kind of relationship made by the organization.On the other hand the sociocultural sector demands organizations to be more greener and environment-friendly thats why supermarkets such(prenominal)(prenominal) as xito, Jumbo, Carrulla and Olmpica offer recyclable pliant bags, because they know those bags are used by customers as garbage disposals that afterward on go to sanitary landfills. Also, Coca Cola in Colombia and Postobn have develop new bottles and recyclable packaging that use less(prenominal) plastic and take up less space in the trash, they have also launched campaigns to recycle these containers giving benefits to consumers, with picking machines or donations to NGOs.Main telecommunications operators such as Tigo, Movistar, Claro, Une and ETB have been influe nced in a big way by the environmental complexity because they are not only influenced by new demands of customers, they are also influenced and have to be prepared for the unpredicted changes such as new regulations about communications, contracts and share competition in services, offers, products the way business are made with international and national companies in order to have competitive advantages, also by advertising its products nationally go new technological services and products in competitive prices. This organizations face wonderful complexity in Colombia, thats why they keep studying the environment they are in and offering customers new products every time, meaning that in order to them to stay in the market they need to acquit more attention to the external environment to run processes internally, this is a good example of a dependence on high uncertainty-complex environment.Studying external environment is as important as the internal environment because one g ive notice change the other, also because there is where the needs are, where the consumers are and what they want to pay to meet their needs. Also in the environment are the obstacles to the company, such as the products of competitors, and the actions to have market share. Also the requirements and restrictions that the company must meet, all of that can influence the processes a company has, because a company is nothing without the interaction with the outside environment, and now is more important to be aware of that thank to the globalization.BibliografaPas. (25 de 08 de 2014). Esa incertidumbre no aguanta Camacol. Recuperado el 09 de 2014, de Revista Dinero http//www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/proyecciones-para-sector-construccion-colombiana-2014/200196

Christian Aid Essay

at one time the Second realness War had finished, in that respect was widespread homelessness in continental Europe .In addition to the thousands of refugees many mountain had lost their homes and their possessions. So as a result of this, Churches in Britain and Ireland heady to do what they could do help at the time and they set up an organisation called Christian Re aspect in Europe. Twenty long time later the name was changed to Christian assist and by 1964, the organisation began to direction on service outside Europe which by then had for the most part rec everywhereed from the War.The aims of the organisation originally were to aid in the re construction of Europe and in the aid of refugees from all over the continent. During the 1960s Christian Aid joined forces with other relief forces and their aims were to respond to world-wide emergencies and disasters. An emergency military commission was set up so that in an emergency situation spry achievement could be taken and all the organisations could co-operate to make the vanquish enjoyment of their resources by organising a joint repose. During the late 60s fodder shortages and starvation were growing problems and Christian Aid wanted political action to be taken. So the latest aim was to campaign along with the World Development movement which was set up by the Churches and Christian Aid, so they could campaign on the hunger related issues.Their aims changed again over the flowing of the 80s, world economic recession developed. The Banks in the rich normality were demanding their interest rates from the Less Developed Countries that had received loans in the past. The interest charge that the countries had to pay turned out to be twice as oft as the original loan.So Christian Aid began a campaign to persuade bank and governments to reduce or even set forth the debts of the poorer nations.In 1987 the Board of Christian aid adopted a tilt by the British Council of Churches entitled To S trengthen the Poor, as a reason for action and reflection. The statement Strengthen the Poor is now Christians acquired immune deficiency syndrome grassroots aim.The majority of Christians Aid is funding comes from us the British public you sight either send a cheque through the post, or name and make a donation. But Christian Aid is probably best kn cause for its Christian Aid week. For seven days in May, church members from all over the country make introduction to door collections for the worlds poor. In the financial year of 1997-8, Christian Aid raised over 37million. Money also come from the UKs government who then donated 5.4million, the European Union gave 2.8 million, and the Irish government gave 0.57 million. That year Christian Aid spend 76% in improving poorer counties living conditions and health, 11% on throw outdidature and education, 11% on fundraising and only 2% on administration.This is how the money was pass in the year of 2001-2. In International unra vel on victimization in poorer countries Christian Aid raised 28.9m, in International work on emergencies such as the refugees in Afghanistan 9.4m was donated to help. A total of 6.5m was dog-tired on Campaigning and education, a further more 8.6m was used on Fundraising and publicity 0.9m was put towards Management and administration, this gave Christian Aid a enormous total expenditure of 54.3million pounds.At the heart of all of Christian Aids aims, precepts and thoughts, comes their basic philosophy that sights lives improve most when they make their own decisions.So they operate in partnership with topical anaesthetic people in the belief that the local community best knows its needs and what skills are locally available. Once a group has decided on a community make it skunk approach Christian Aid. This way Christian Aid can help people strengthen themselves but let them do it them selves so in the future if they have a problem they can film with it themselves, instead of them having it spoon fed to them. The group will have to interpret a description of the work, showing how it can be done, and an estimate of how much will be needed. The Christian Aid project officer for the percentage will then assess the request and visit the site. Only when local experts have assessed the project in detail does the overstretchtee in capital of the United Kingdom decide whether to support it.Christian quotes that in penitence and hope we commit ourselves to strengthen the poor against injustice. Another appealing quote is we moldiness act strategically to strengthen the arm of the poor until they can hold up up to those who so often acted against them and have the power to determine their own development under God. These two quotes sum up Christian Aids beliefs and aims for me.In conclusion I believe that Christian Aid has been successful in that they the main resource given to the poor is in education and the teaching of self-reliance. Another good aspec t of the organisation is that aid is almost immediate to those in need, such as refugees in Iraq instantly however how far can we say Christian Aid is a complete success because we still have less developed people and countries in the world, Christian Aid alone cannot of itself solve the worlds problems but it can help with them.

Social security policy

brotherly security de ruinment dam come alongs policy policy is a major(ip), knobbed issue in all societies. Millions of sight ar heavily reliant on sociable security as a factor of con frame to achieve a raw material mensuration of biography. in that location is thought to be trine briny wel utmostgon regimens, in western ships comp some(prenominal)(prenominal). These regimes argon corporate-conservative, socio- scotch and cock-a-hoop. This testify exacts to cast a brief description of these regimes in action, in societal intercourse to the the States, France and Sweden, respectively. Then, go on to comp atomic minute 18 the regimes, in relation to genial security. It exit persuade in to account un utilisation, bonuss and family policy. companionable security is fundamentally the bit of prizes and converts in the ricochet of financial assistance as income main tenance which is funded by measureation and/or insurance contributions. (Baldock et a l, 1999) at that place go by representation of been three ab discover rationale types of eudaemonia regime. These argon corporatist-conservative, socio-democratic and big(p). The corporate-conservative regime is usually found on individuals contributions, whence truly encounter-orientated. The socio-democratic regime is usually based on universal value. The spacious regime is usually residualist.This agent that the welf be is parcel break through heedn more as a bag-up, only to abide for t water who would non manage at all with extinct it. (Esping-Anderson, 1990) France is an traffic of the corporatist-conservative regime in action. Social security is hinged on solidarity. In this context, it convey mutual responsibility, sh argond risks and common action. It was first brought in to place by the introduction of a regime habitual for loving and health security. This was hence expanded. In the 1970s additional criterions were introduced to admit all excluded battalion.The almost significant measure was introduced in 1988. This was called the R crimsonu Minimum dInsertion. It amalgamated a rudimentary re give ups with a personal contract for kindly inclusion. The french regime is somewhat expensive. The retard of expenditure has become the focus of friendly policy. Pensions play a very prominent check as they argon very costly. (www2. rgu. ac. uk/ domain policy/introduction/w posit. htm) The French regime elementaryally advocates the in effect(p)s are in treaty status and phase. Support comes mostly by dint of head-to-head insurance, which is weared by the situate.It aims to fortify civil ordination while limiting the commercialise. (Esping-Anderson, 1990) Sweden is an example of the socio-democratic regime in action. This Swedish model is often judged as the exemplary form of eudaemonia stir. One of the integral comp one(a)nts is the sense of organised co-operation. (www2. rgu. ac. uk/ popular policy/introduction/w as sert. htm) The socio-democratic regime advocates equality and universalism of high standards. This is by core of the state. The state is the main way of life of support thither are high take aims of take ins.It aims to amalgamate improvement and work and promote full profession. (Esping-Anderson, 1990) The United States of America is an example of the openhanded regime in action. The self-aggrandising regime advocates residualism, laissez-faire, individualism and a sober stand on distress. These are all dominant up to(p)s in USA debates on benefit, yet the USA does non return a interconnected public assistance system. The predominant measures of federal provision came in the 1930s from the Roosevelt administration. (www2. rgu. ac. uk/public policy/introduction/wstate. htm) it was called the new deal.It was instigated to be a safe-guard against market failures, which was desperately unavoidable later on the mass unemployment of the depression days. The main pri nciple tramp it was that the state should turn in more than just support it should certainly entertain the individual. (Miller, 2003) The across-the-board regime basically has a strong work value orientation. Support comes through with(predicate) means- well-tried assistance. It aims to strengthen the market. (Esping-Anderson, 1990) Unemployment is a very contentious issue. The three countries all retain differing ways of dealing with it. France has a cardinalfold system of providing unemployment benefits.One of them is an unemployment insurance intrigue. This scheme is when individuals are spot of a national collective agreement, which is arbitrate by the state. This system is financed by contributions. The unemployed are al modested to suck benefits if they are a member of this scheme and it was non their own fault that they muzzy their job. The provision and judgment of conviction of these benefits in any case depends on how long the individual has been part of the scheme. Its handment has twain forms. These are either the basic benefits or post-entitlement benefit. (www. eurofound. ie/ down the stairs. tm) The other system of unemployment benefit is a guarantee affixary scheme. It is funded by the state and was set up in 1984. its aim is to domiciliate unemployment benefits for widow or divorced women, young pot and other disadvantaged companys, who redeem not been in the job-market long enough to make substantial contribution. It also tendings those who have had been in unemployment for a very long time and are no longer worthy for the insurance scheme.Its acquitment comes in two forms, either a work programme fee or a guaranteed improverary benefit. (www. urofound. ie/ under(a). htm) This rigid system is in stark parity to Sweden. Their unemployment insurance benefit (UIB) has been thought to be one of the most bighearted in the world. It is controlled by the trade unions, finance by the state and administered by 40 vol untary societies. The level of contribution varies as it depends on the equivalentlihood of unemployment. UIB encompasses about 3/4 of unemployed people, the rest rely on hearty assistance. In the 1990s UIB came under intense cart because of an increase in unemployment and c at a timern to limit social expenditure.This resulted in that by the late 1990s in that location was a decreased eligibility and the proportion of previous income received was slashed from 90% to 80%. in that location is now a far greater pressure on unemployed individuals to join in AMS schemes (Goernment training schemes) to indicate their avail exponent to work. Involvement in AMS schemes permits the re- organic law of eligibility to UIB. This can be take heedn as a commodious in centimeive There is a three year benefit duration limit. Despite this limit, it is up to now safe to pronounce that it is more generous and little arenad than that of France. (Cochrane et al, 2001)In similitude to France and Sweden, welfare for unemployment is very complicated. The administration of social assistance is controlled by state or local organization agencies, on a decentralised basis, even though funding does come from federal Government. However, USA welfare on employment is mainly through unemployment insurance (UI). Unemployment insurance varies significantly depending on state and local judicature. However, there are some principles which are relevant to most states. (www. tiss. zdu. uni) Unemployment insurance is not aimed at universenessness long destination support for the unemployed.It is designed to be a bridge till they obtain a new job. Unemployment insurance operates under very strict condition for limited periods of time. The number of cont utilisationd people is relation backly low. This is due to the fact that a lot of people are not eligible foe unemployment insurance. (www. law. cornell. edu/topics) Unemployment insurance is not forthcoming to the self-employe d, domestic cooperate servants, farm workers, Government employees and those who have only been briefly employed. (www. buzzle. com) To actually receive unemployment benefits from the state is incredibly complex.The actual law on benefits and who is eligible to welfare schemes is very convoluted. In extreme cases, where vulnerable individuals do not even jibe the criteria for schemes of federal support or assistance, may be entitle to state and local or purely state easing. This is called general assistance. (www. law. cornell. edu/topics) It has been found that the population age profile of western societies is changing. We are now invigoration in an increasingly ageing population. The age structure of the population comes from out passing birth rates, increasing mortality rates, increased longevity and migration trends.This inevitably means an increase in the amount of people who go away be eligible for a pension. (Baldock et al, 1999) Therefore, welfare regimes have to acc ount for it. France has a pay-as-you-go system. (www. news. bbc. co. uk) The pay-as-you-go system is basically that the pensions that are universe compensable out today are being funded by taxing the employed of today. This is in stark contrast to snobbish pension scheme (those favoured in the USA) as these are based on salaried pensions out of the contributions an individual do during their entire working life. (Baldock et al, 1999) It is believed that this is sledding to be unsustainable.This is due to the increasing longevity and the declining birth rates. This means that in the future there will be far hardly a(prenominal)er workers to pay for the multiplying amount of pensioners. (www. news. bbc. co. uk) This is now worrying the French Government. They are now starting to take steps to remedy the situation. One example of this can be seen by looking at a carte du jour approved by the French Government, in May of last year. They approved a bill that meant that the amoun t of time that all Government employees mustiness work in order to fall a full pension increases from 37 age and 6 months to 41 days and 9 months. www. telegraph. co. uk) In comparison to Sweden, the French system leaves a lot to be desired. In Sweden, there are two mandatory statutory pension schemes. These are a basic flat-rate payment and a contributory profits- tie in scheme (adenosine triphosphate). Both schemes are funded on a pay-as-you-go system. They are paid out of contributions from the current work metier. Every citizen and long-run resident are entitles to the basic flat-rate pension. To get the ATP pension, they have to have a thirty year history of contribution.However, there is a supplement that can be obtained with the basic pension if an individual has no ATP or a very low level of ATP. For most of the people in Sweden, the two statutory pension schemes, replace or rear rough 65% of pre-retirement gross salary. However, these pensions are liable for tax. Also, 90% of employees in Sweden top-up the statutory schemes by covering themselves with extra occupational pension schemes. These cover various groups of employees and provide up to an extra 10% on electrical switch income.The extra occupational pension schemes encompass four main schemes and they work on a collective agreement. They cover people employed by local and central government as well as propertyless workers and white-collar workers. In Sweden, in 1992, only 6. 3% of ripened households were be as being deplorable subsequently taxes, this is in stark comparison to the USA as in 1996 just over 20% of elderly households were poor. These are phenomenally contrastive statistics. (Cochrane et al, 2001) There are two public pension schemes in the USA. They are the public flat-rate pension and the public earning related pension.The public pension scheme encompasses both the means- tried and true, basic-rate pension (Supplementary security income, or SSI) and the earnings related pension (Old-age, survivor and disability insurance, or OASDI). The flat-rate basic pension is financed by general federal Government revenues. However, some states give an additional small state-government supplement. All SSI pensions are subject to income and asset exam. The earnings related pensions (OASDI) are financed through contributions. It is broken down as follows employee provides 6. 2% of earnings and the employers provide 6. 2% of payroll whereas the self-employed provide 24. % of earnings.The negligible eligibility requirement for OASDI pensions is ten years of contributions. This is also a pay-as-you-go system. However, occupational, private pension schemes are highly recommended. (www. reformmonitor. org) Family policy plays a very significant part in social security. In France, family allowance is assigned to all families with at least two clawren, under the age of 18, regardless of income. However, there are numerous supplementary means-tested benefits a vailable. There is the family supplement, which is for families with three small fryren, over the age of three.There is also the single parent allowance, adoption allowance, the parental education allowance, the finicky education allowance for chelaren with disabilities and also the annual school allowance for children in the midst of the ages of 6 and 18. There is also the lodgment allowance this is calculated by the expense of rent and the families situation. Additionally, there are also birth payments, gestation period benefits and parental leave benefits. These include a means-tested young child allowance it is available from the fourth month of gestation until the child is three years old.Also, included is a maternity benefit that increases by the amount of children rundown if the mother is insured there are even more benefits. There are also paternity leave benefits, where the mother or the preceptor can be on leave up until the childs 3rd birthday. Since 1998, there ha ve been means-tested allowances to decrease the cost of child care for children under 3 years old. The child care can be in the space (child minder) or at a registered facility. There are also allowances in childcare for 3 to 6 year olds. (www. reformmonitor. org)Like France, Sweden has a universal child allowance. This is for children under the age of 16 years. This goes up to 20 years, if they are in full-time education. Families, with more that 3 children are entitled to a large family supplement. There is also a family allowance for handicapped children who attend a public school. They also, like France, have a housing benefit. This benefit is also subordinate on the expense of rent and the size of family. There are also birth payments, maternity benefits and parental leave benefits but the do not seem as good as France is.There is a paid parental leave for 450 days, which is divided up between the parents. Also, the mother gets excess allowances because of reduced work abili ty. In Sweden, they can also claim a spue child benefit. This is available for a maximum of 60 days, per year, per sick child under the age of 12 years. There is a autocratic infrastructure of support services to cooperate working parents meet their childcare obligations. It also includes the support of single parents. Since July 2001, childcare expenses were frowned for families with children in subsidized childcare facilities.With this reform came a guaranteed 3 hours a day for childcare for unemployed people. This was so that they could actively seek employment. (www. reformmonitor. org) The USA is completely different from France and Sweden. In the USA, under the temporary assistance for needy families programme (TANF), benefit payments differ widely across states. The TANF programme is to support poor families with low incomes and dependant children. It is often reduced or even stopped after a family has received benefits regularly for 6 to 24 months. This is supposed to he lp reduce dependency on the state.The main family assistance, which is practically available in most states, is provided through federal income tax. Families with 1 or more children are provided with an ample amount off of income tax and people who earn a very low wage plus have children are wedded refundable income tax benefits. Unlike both France and Sweden, there are very few employees, who are given paid parental leave, when a child is natural or is sick. However, since 1995, unpaid leave for both child birth and child illness has been mandatory. There are 5 states, which do provide income replacements, subject to certain conditions, for up to 52 weeks.federal official employees do benefit from 24 hours of paid leave a year, for child related activities. Some employers, in the USA, do offer subsidised childcare facilities for their staff. However, the majority of employers do not. Federal childcare funding was provided so that states could be flexible in scheming inclusive, integrated childcare facilitates, to make it easier for unemployed or single parents to get back to work. (www. reformmonitor. org) To conclude, there are some major differences between apiece of the welfare regimes. The biggest differences come from looking at unemployment differences and family policy.The USA is probably the most diverse plus the have all had very different consequences. However, there are similarities between some of the verbal expressions. This comes from pensions. All regimes are based on the pay-as-you-go regime, to a certain extent. However, they all have differing success. All in all, it would be hard to say for definite that any one of them would be master but Sweden would be a definite contender. However, it is safe to say that welfare regimes in the future could benefit from utilising the most successful parts for the bring in regimes and learning for the unsuccessful parts.Social credentials Policy stark naked tire out promised to halve child poor ness by 2010 and to eradicate it by 2020, (Walker, 1999). Social security is not merely about meagreness relief, as the relief of poverty requires more than just social security reform, it is important to ring the aspect of social security policy at present to see whether Labour can live up to this rather ambitious engineer it has set.The term Social hostage is used to refer to the range of policies which aim to transfer cash resources between individuals and families. It is concerned with policies which govern the redistribution of resources inside society.After approach shot to power in 1997 the Labour government brushuped the key principles of social security policy. They developed the Welfare to Work strategy, as they want people of working age to look for employment within the labour market and avoid dependence on the state.The maintenance of a high and stable level of employment was one of the fundamental assumptions of the Beveridge breed, and an objective to which al l governments were positively committed after 1944 (Lowe, 1993).Hills (1997) betokens that since Beveridge, the objectives of social security have never been set out in a way allo annexe measurement of whether benefit levels are adequate to meet their aims.The original aim of the case Insurance system as introduced quest the recommendations of the Beveridge report in 1948 was to set up a system of subsistence level flat-rate social insurance benefits which were intended to cover all the main causes of inability to earn, such(prenominal) as old age, sickness, unemployment, widowhood and orphanhood. It also included virtually the unscathed body of the populations, whether employed, self- employed or non- employed, as far as realistic in the same terms (Sleeman, 1979).Changes in the welfare system have been needed for a variety of reasons, society has changed, and policies need to change to watch in tune with this, these changes include changing families, working women, an agein g society and rising expectations (Giddens, 1998 Hills, 1997).In the UK, the earliest form of social security was the curt fairness which was based or so discretionary payments related to individuals assessment of need, and this guide to play a part in the delivery of many means- tested benefits until the last two decades of the twentieth century (Alcock, 2003). The Elizabethan Poor Law (1598) distinguished between the de portion and undeserving, this is something which is still reflected in Social security policy Hewitt and Powell (2002) point out how the use of contracts can be taken back to the deserving and undeserving poor, only now the terms being used are responsible and irresponsible and this is reflected in the Security for those who cannot (DSS 1998)- which means no security for those who can but do not. Another similarity between the poor law and the innovational welfare state is that Parishes excluded the locomotion poor from its boundaries this is still evident today with the treatment of travelers and the single homeless. This blood is supported by Hills and Gardiner (1997).Within Social Security, Employment policy occupies a crucial position in the post- war reconstruction, and without which the welfare state could not exist. Full employment would both finance the development of the welfare state, and government welfare policy would help to maintain scotch growth.Barr (1993) has outlined three social aims of state intervention in income distribution the relief of poverty in order to protect a minimum income standard was the first. The warrant is the certificate of accustomed brio standards to interpret that none has to face an unlooked-for and unacceptably large drop in their standard of living and the ternary is, smoothing out income over the life cycle. However, as pointed out by Glennerster and Hills these three interact, the balance between them and the responsibility of the state can differ over time and between countries.T he aims of Social Security policy are not merely to be measured in income terms. Social and political partnership may be seen as important civic virtues by a broad spectrum of political opinion. Social Security maintains a standard of living that supports inclusiveness (Townsend 1979), the consequences of failure in this respect is social exclusion.The miseries of unemployment in a work- ethic society are well- documented by Sinfield, (1981). To these are added the harassment and insecurity of dependence on means tested welfare (Bradshaw and Deacon,1983) and the despair of living at a standard of living which steadily falls behind that of the working class in work. (Taylor- Gooby, 1985). Glennerster (1999) has criticized the critics, arguing that paid work brings lordliness and respect.Social welfare imposes controls on society, social security regulations distinguish those who do and do not deserve support. As pointed out by Taylor- Gooby (1985) regulations which ensure that a h ousehold head is usually responsible for the living standards of family members be as dependents encourage a certain household pattern.Social Security is traditionally divided into a contributory and a non- contributory sector, the power covers benefits such as sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, retirement pension, widows benefit- those regarded as the important benefits. In the latter most benefits are al find to those who can prove that they do through a mean test.Eligibility for social security has two elements, the first being the formal rules and regulations governing provision of benefits and secondly the perceptions of eligibility held by claimants and authority claimants. The contributory principle, whereby National Insurance benefits are linked to earnings established under rules of eligibility which disproportionately excludes those in intermittent or low paid work, those with a higher risk of unemployment as well as modern migrants. The establishment of such po licy on the basis of a White, Male average thereby formally excluded many of those in minority ethnic group from social citizenship make ups to such benefits (Amin and Oppenheim, 1992).Post war welfare reforms and immigration lawmaking have continued to institutionalize racially exclusionary rules which determine eligibility to welfare benefits these include residence tests, rules on recourse to public funds and sponsorship conditions. This is well documented in the case of asylum seekers in Britain.Compared with some of the other developed industrial countries, Britain has been relatively successful in establishing a general and comprehensive welfare floor. (Sleeman, 1979)As argued by Hills (1997) benefits for those without work may ameliorate their immediate position but they do not solve the problem. A prime aim of social security policy should be for claimants, where possible to find self-supporting sources of income. While the general level of employment depends on wider ec onomic factors, the social security structure may discourage employment under some circumstances.Under the hidebounds, due to rising unemployment and the recession in the early 1990s changes were made to social security policy with regards to the unemployed. Not only did the costs of stipendiary unemployed peoples owes reduced, but Income support (IS) payments for mortgages were withdrawn for the first nine months of unemployment. In 1996 Jobseekers Allowance (JSA) was created when contributory unemployment benefit and means- tested Income support were merged. With JSA for the first sise months of unemployment there would be a contributory basis and after that it would be means- tested. It was decided that those under the age of 25 would receive a lower rate of benefit and that contract would be introduced between claimants and the benefits agency to hold job searches and training criteria, as well as establishing availability for work.With regards to means tested benefits, we have all heard politicians expressing their concerns about benefit dependency. jibe to Glennerster and Hills (1998) unemployment benefit has been the largest single source of growth in means- tested populations, followed by lone parenthood.A major solution of policy has been to sustain a gap between income and benefits and in work to ensure incentives to work in the face of increasing levels of unemployment, decreasing relative levels of wages for the unskilled, and increased part- time and temporary working, Benefit policy has been changed to both decrease relative value of benefits for the unemployed and to increase use of means testing. This leads to two problems for ensuring incentives to work one is to ensure that benefit rates are not close to or greater than in- work income and to ensure that those who are working on the margins of benefit entitlement are able to improve their incomes through work. The side- effect of means testing is that benefit is reduced as income rises alongside the incidence of tax and social security contributions on increased earnings. As benefits have fallen relative to incomes over time, the incentives to work, therefore, in general have been improved (Glennerster and Hills, 1998).The main theme of social security policy is work for those who can security for those who cannot. Which constitute of a rights and responsibilities discourse. Those who cannot work have a right to security. However, for those who can work, the right to benefit is more conditional. The basic philosophy is that work is the best course out of poverty. Making work pay includes a national minimum wage, tax reform such as Working families tax credits and nursery credits, which increase the return from low paid work and reduce the poverty trap. The government aims to achieve full employment, instead of paying people in poverty more benefit, tender labour will redistribute opportunities and take a preventative approach, giving people the skills to escap e poverty.Within Social Security policy is employment centred social policy which is based around the impertinent Deal programmes which target different groups. For example for young unemployed people there are four choices education a subsidized private sector job a voluntary sector job or an environmental task force the opportunity for sitting at home on benefits is not an option, as benefits will be reduced. For lone parents there are no penalties for not taking up employment, although they do have to attend work- focused interviews, in order to make them aware of the opportunities available to them.With regards to pensioners pensions are uprated by prices rather than earning, the poorest pensioners do have a means- tested minimum pension guarantee that ties in with the increase in earnings. This represents a move from frequentism to selectivity. This also means that gradually pensioners will carry on falling behind workers (Powell and Hewitt, 2002). This in itself demonstrates the lack of respect for the elderly, and the fuels the argument that once someone passes working age, they are no longer deemed an integral part of society, and are pushed out of mainstream society. This essay aims to look at the provisions in place for younger people, of working age, for whom the government are trying to move into the labour market.What New Labour is trying to aim for is an active, preventative and born(predicate) rather than passive welfare state that encourages people to realize their potential rather than being chained to passive dependency (Powell and Hewitt, 2002).The bulk of National Insurance expenditure is on pensions, whereas for sickness and unemployment contributory benefits do still apply. JSA covers unemployment, for the first six months there is non- means tested support for hose who meet the NI contribution conditions and is linked to an agreement by claimants to take steps to secure a return to the labor market. Jobseekers allowance is no longer an Insurance benefit for the unemployed, after six months claimants remain on the benefit, and are subject to the same job search criteria, but their benefit moves onto a means- tested basis, which means any other resources (income from a partner) will reduce ones overall entitlement. In practical terms, means- tested JSA is Income support, given some other title, as Income support has for some time been due to unemployed claimants not covered by National Insurance benefits. It is still available for those out of work, who are not required to seek work under JSA rules, such as lone parents and people with disabilities and Carers.Income support is a minimum income scheme for British citizens (Alcock, 2003), payable only to those who are out of full- time employment (16 hours a week) and is reduced if there are any earning or any capital above 3000 in total. Housing costs are not covered, but claimants who pay rent can apply to their local council for housing benefit and council tax benefit, in some cases interest payments on mortgage debts are covered. For children of parents who are in receipt of Income Support or means- tested JSA free school meals are available.A major feature of social security protection was once sickness, but in the 1980s , under the Tories support for short term sickness (up to six months) was crusadeed to employment, employers were expected to pay workers a minimum level, whilst they were off sick. After six months, claimants with chronic illness or disability move to Incapacity benefit (NI protection) if they meet the contribution conditions with a medical test, which requires they are incapable of all work. For those who do not pay the contribution condition, they are paid Income Support which is means- tested, as long as they can satisfy the conditions for Incapacity Benefit.For those in low wage employment means- tested support is also available through tax credits, payable through employers, administered by the Inland Revenue. Alcock (2003) argues that there has been a significant shift in the operation of means tested benefits under the Labour government since 1997. Family Credit was replaced by Working Families Tax Credit, made available to a wider range of low- income families. Not only does this act as a supplement to the wages of low income workers with dependent children, it also aims to make low paid work seem more attractive, to encourage labour market amour as part of the governments commitment to promote employment.The most important of the familiar benefits is child benefit which is paid to all parent or guardians to help them with the cost or rearing children. Critics would argue that, like all Universal services, Child benefit is a waste of public resources by paying benefit to wealthy parents, who do not need this silver like poorer parents do. The benefit of Universal benefits is that there is no stigma attached to being in receipt of it.Jones and Novak (1999) argue that the whole benef its system operates to control and discipline citizens rather than support and protect them.There are a number of different theories and ideologies of welfare, the main traditional theories are the Classical Liberal possible action bolshy theories and Fabian theories.Classical liberal theories are based around inclinations that see freedom as absence of coercion rather than protection from misfortune and hardship. Within classical liberal thinking there are two contrasting views on the state. Traditional or prejudicious liberal defend the individual liberty while challenging what they perceive as the arbitrary misuse of power. Negative liberals say the role of the state should be minimal. On the other hand there are positive liberals who say that the state can adopt a more constructive role in dealing with social problems. Both positive and negative liberal thinking have been influential on the modern British Conservative party. It is important to make the distinction that not all classical liberals are contradictory to the welfare state.Classical liberal theory points out that unjustified state intervention will only amplify social and economic problems since the market system will be less efficient and economic growth will slow. It is also believed that individual freedom is of paramount wideness and any attempt by the state to provide fiscal help to the poor compromises that individual freedom, this is said to be done in two ways the first is by asking those who earn wages to pay extra taxes to support the poor and secondly, by creating the conditions under which poor individuals and the state will have a relationship of dependency.Classical liberals regard the causes of poverty to be personal, rather than structural poverty is traced to personal feelings rather than to failings of the political or economic systems. They go on to say that individual rights must be p carryd at all times, and go as far to say that people have the right to be poor.Barn ett (1986) stated that the welfare state was necessary for a short time, following the problems created by the Second valet de chambre War that those who supported it did not take a long term view of the countries economic postulate. The welfare state is no longer beneficial. A recurring objection to the welfare state is the belief that services provide benefit to those who do not need it such as child benefit, which is a universal benefit and it paid to everyone, regardless of earning, some would see this as a waste.Sidney and Beatrice Webb were influential figures in communism, they believed that collective welfare through the state was not only essential, but an inevitable development within British capitalist society. An early example of the ascertain of Fabian thinking was with regards to the Poor Laws, whereby in 1905 the Royal Commission was set up to review the old Victorian support system. The significance of this was the governments recognition that it had to implemen t major changes to the welfare state. Fabianism is a variant of British Socialism.The New Left is a term used to describe a broad range of differing approaches to social structure and social policy from a Marxist perspective. In general many agreed that the achievement of the welfare state in Britain was incomplete as desirable nor as successful as had been assumed. Marxists argued that the welfare state had not been successful in solving the social problems or the poor and of the broader working class, in practice the welfare state supported capitalism, as opposed to challenging it (Ginsburg, 1979)The New Left has been criticized for its theoretical assumptions of the assumed pizzazz of state welfare services, arguing that for many of the working class social security was seen as being oppressive and stigmatizing.Hayek (1944) argues that despite the overwhelming influence of Fabianism within social policy, right wing critics of state welfare had always argued against the interfer ence of state provision with the workings of a capitalist market economy. This neo-liberal thinking was referred to by Fabians and the new left as the New Right as it was interested in returning to the classic liberal values of a laissez- faire state, which advocated for self- protecting families and communities.The main argument of the new right was that state intervention to provide welfare services, and the gradual expansion of these which Fabianism sought, merely drove up the cost of public expenditure to a point at which it began to interfere with the effective operation of a market economy (Bacon and Eltis, 1976). They claimed that this was a point that had already been reached in the 1970s , where the high levels of taxation needed for welfare services managed to reduce profits, crippled investment and dictated capital overseas (Alcock, 2003).Like the New Left, the New Right also challenged the desirability of state welfare in practice, arguing that free welfare services on ly encouraged dependency and provided no incentive for individuals and families to protect themselves through savings and insurance (Boyson, 1971).Hayek (1982) argued that state intervention involved outcast interference with the freedom of individuals to organize their own lives.Neo- liberal thinking is opposed to extensive state intervention to provide public services in effect they are opposed to the welfare state. They argue that it is undesirable on ideo dianoetic, political and economic grounds that is undesirable in theory and impossible in practice.Their ideological objections to it revolve around their concern about dependency socialization by providing welfare through the state, individuals are discouraged from providing these for themselves and their families, which could in turn trap them into relying on others for support. Murray (2002) makes the point that in social security if everyone is going to be provided with a basic standard of living, this makes it an attract ive option for individuals to necessitate this, rather than seeking paid employment. Which applies to means- tested benefits, whereby entitlement is related to an individuals income level, this means any increase in income means a loss in benefit.economically speaking, the welfare state is undesirable because it interferes with the free working of the market, leading to failures in markets developing properly.Although neo- liberals argue that the welfare state is not practical, most recent neo- liberal theorists agree that a safety net should be in place, as it may still be needed. Neo- liberalism, therefore still stiff within the mixed economy of welfare, which is found in all modern welfare capitalist countries (Alcock, 2003).Marxist theories are based around the idea of Marx (1970) whose claim was that capitalism is an inherently oppressive economic structure in which the working class are exploited by the capitalist class through the labour market. It is argued by Marxists tha t Socialism or Communism is the logical and desirable alternative to the failures of both capitalist markets and the welfare state. However, they do not provide any explanation as to how this is to be achieved, except that it needs to be done revolutionarily, rather than gradually and involves the overthrowing of the existing democratic governments. This ideology has never attracted much attention in Britain, making its political potential limited here.Marxists believe that the welfare state uses taxes paid by everyone to provide services and to foster the illusion that the state is altruistic and redistributiove, whereas in actual fact the stae is preserving and reinforcing certain norms and structural relationships.Ginsburg (1979) argued that institutions of welfare operated within British society to control and suppress people as well as to provide for them arguing that the social security system in practice stigmatized claimants and obligate them into low waged employment. This criticism of the British welfare state comes from a Marxist perspective.The strength of the Marxist critique of the welfare within Capitalism is its ability to demonstrate the contradictory nature of social policy as providing social control and social protection at the same time.In 1998, New labour developed a third way, Blair argued that both the right wing pro- market approaches and the old lefts support from state monopolistic services should be rejected in favour of a new (third way) which would be located between the state and the market.The new labour government was not interested in whether services were best provided by the state (the old, Fabian, left) or by the market (the right) instead it was looking to find the most effective way to meet social needs which was a practical judgement based on empirical evidence of effectiveness.Hills (1997) has pointed out that some benefits, such as child benefit, state pension and unemployment benefit for some, go to people unimpress ed by means- testing, and argues that further means- testing would allow spending to be wear out targeted. Some have argued that elimination of universal benefits would free up ample sums of money, which could then be spent on those that need it the most, which would mean for New Labour that they could go a little further to achieve its targeted with regards to child poverty. Eliminating Universal benefits would mean a substantial reduction in the overall cost of welfare spending, meaning the government could put more money into other areas such as the National Health Service.Social Security is the largest element of public expenditure, greater than both health and education, and accounts for 11 per cent of gross domestic product (Alcock, 2003).Social Security is an important aspect of our society, through state intervention individuals are provided with a basic standard of living, and kept out of absolute poverty. An interesting Marxist theory of the mathematical function of the welfare state states that the state maintains a reserve army of labour , through which a certain portion of society are kept out of work , but may be asked to join the labour force when needed. By providing these people with benefits (the unemployed, disabled and lone parents) the welfare state is serving capitalism by maintaining these groups who can be called upon at short notice.Marxists would argue that welfare constitutes social control and polices the state. They claim that the unemployed and other members of the reserve army of labour are treated harshly, to remind others of the consequences of not working.Lowe(1999) points out that the history of postwar social security was riddled with contradictions. The promise of the Beveridge report was to realize the new ideal of social security, through a alter system of state relief without resort to the unpopular means- test, aroused commodious popular enthusiasm and lay at the heart of the new values and perspectives upon which the new welfare state was initially built. Yet within ten years the social security system was no longer popular. The means test did not wither away and the system started to become so complex that it became self defeating.Social Security has both positive and negative connotations, in practice it can be seen as a benefit and by others a cost (Alcock, 2003).

Is America Shallow When it Comes to Advertising? Essay

Introduction. When a area reads and fit in a magazine, what is it that drives that person to go out and purchase the product the tack on depicts? What redden makes a subject willing to spend more time feeling at the add? It is at this point where the art of persuasion does its best work.Definitions. The Elaboration Likelihood Model claims that there are ii itinerarys to persuasion the important path and the peripheral path. (lecture 2/20/03) The central path is most widely used when the receiving system is motivated to hark back about the. If the person cares about the issue and has access to the message with tokenish distractions, therefore(prenominal) that person will elaborate on the message. (lecture, 2/20/03). If the message is ambiguous but attitudinally neutral (with respect to the pass receiver) or if the receiver is unable or not motivated to listen to the message then the receiver will look for an easier way to interpret it. This leads to the peripheral route. com delegateer peripheral cues include such strategies as trying to associate the advocated position with things the receiver already sees positively towards (e.g., beauty, m onenessy, sex).(lecture, 2/20/03) If the peripheral cue connective is accepted here, then there may be a fugacious attitude change and possibly future elaboration.Peripheral Route. The first ad that was chosen, from Gentle mankinds Quarterly magazine, depicts a very attractive man standing in front of a bottle of cologne. The advertisement is for Polo, a brand notoriously associated with affluence, and prestige. This add illustrates the advertisers wish to catch the eye of the consumer as they are flipping the pages of the magazine utilise a method other then their product.. The argument in this case is weak. Polo is trying to depict that if a subject uses their new cologne, it is possible for them have a lifestyle like the illustration pictured. Most cologne adds, have a tab that you can arrive at up on the same page and smell the cologne, that would cause one to elaborate on the add. This one does not, therefore, Polo was trying to get the consumer attention to a fragrance, using a beautiful person. This is clearly an example of persuasion using peripheral cues. The average age of a subject that would likely be persuaded by this add, would be middle to late twenties, the age in which nation are attempting to attain affluence.Central Route. The second advertisement that was chosen, from Sports Illustrated, is an add put out by Mercedes Benz to promote their new line of SUVs, the M-Class.. It is very clear that Mercedes in this case was trying to promote the security aspect of their SUVs. When a consumer sees this add, it is apparent that the central route will be used, because there is no greater motivation for thinking, then the safety of family. The ad would definatly cause the consumer to elaborate, and think about how safe the car that one is currently driving in, is. Thus, the add has done its job in attracting a consumer. One precise characteristic of the add that makes it persuasive, are the g-ds in the clouds attempting to disrupt the path of the truck, as it seems to effortlessly keep on going. This clever use of account depicts that nothing can hurt those once inside this vehicle, not correct g-ds. The type of person that would most likely be persuaded by this add would be a young father (28yrs.-40yrs.)who is in the market for a new car. This add is affective cause it gets a subject thinking, and so using the central routeConclusion. The way that consumers read and respond to advertisements as shown in this paper, is crucial to promoting a product. Whether a company uses the central or peripheral routes, to attract consumer interest, can make a huge variant in sales of that product. The advertising industry is a multi-billion dollars business,(GQ, December 2002) in which creative minds develop new ideas in the art of persuasion for the neig hboring generations.

Mangroves and Their Importance

Intro to Environmental Issues mangroves And Their disappearance 3/11/2013 Bsc Sem-II Submitted By Ammal Afroze Submitted to Mrs Almas Hamid Table Of Contents What argon mangroves? .. 2 Importance And Role Of Mangroves Ecosystem .. 2,3 Disappearance Of Mangroves . 3 Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves 3,4 Effects Of Disappearance Of Mangroves . 4 Present set Of Mangroves In Pakistan 4,5 References . What is Mangrove? The term mangrove, is use to refer to the highly adapted plants found in tropical tone communities or the ecosystem itself. The term mangrove may have been derived from a combination of the Malay word manggi-manggi, for a persona of mangrove tree (Avicennia) and the Arabic el gurm, for the same, as mang-gurm. Mangrove is a tree or shrub that grows in muddy, chiefly tropical coastal swamps. Generally exceeding one half metre in height. Mangrove plants vary genetically and those found on land be not of same types.They are of different types. An increase in mangrov es has been suggested for climate smorgasbord mitigation. Big groups of mangroves and other plants are called mangrove swamps, mangrove forests, and sometimes scarce manga. The mangrove community is the biotic part of our ecosystem. Importance And Role Of Mangrove Ecosystems Mangroves are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. The most important role of mangroves is that they protect vulnerable coastlines from waves because they hold the flat coat together and prevent coastal erosion.Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimize damage. utilisation For example, learning from the 2005 tsunami in Asia, there were no deaths in the areas which had mangrove forests, compared to those areas without, which suffered big causalities. Mangrove forests turn in homes for several species of plants and animals. Migratory shore upbirds and waders seek the mudflats for regimen. Birds establish medium-large roosting and nesting sites in mangroves. Several species o f weight, monkeys, and turtles find refuge there.The strandes along more fester undisturbed mangroves also serve as nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. Mangroves are fish nurseries as they serve as a source of food for fish and crabs that live in rivers and the shallow areas of the sea/ocean. And they add a safe haven for juvenile fish, and crab located on coastline. Mangroves therefore contribute significantly in fishing industry and let us with our fish resource. ACT AS A FILTERING SYSTEM They suffice as filtering systems for the run-off and ground waters, clarify adjacent open water, which facilitates photosynthesis in devil dog plants.Mangroves also help to control other forms of pollution, including excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous, rock oil products, and halogenated compounds. Mangroves stop these contaminants from polluting the ocean waters through a process called rhizofiltration. gob DEBRIS AND SILT Mangroves trap debris and silt contributing to ki ngdom formation and stabilizing the coastline. SERVE AS HABITAT Their roots provide shelter for many marine and terrestrial animals, protect them from ocean currents and soaked winds. Many threatened or endangered species reside inside.PRODUCE NUTRIENTS Mangroves shed a large amount of leaf litter, being dropped and then broken subdue by bacteria and fungi which is made available to the food mountain range of aquatic animals. Therefore mangroves contribute to productivity in off shore water. SERVE AS NURSERY AND REFUGE For many juvenile fish and invertebrates such as spiny lobster, gray snapper, jacks and barracuda. Mangroves are the nesting one thousand for many water birds. Disappearance Of Mangroves Mangrove forests are one of the humanss most threatened tropical ecosystems. More than 35% of the innovations mangroves are already gone.The figure is as high as 50% in countries such as India, the Philippines, and Vietnam, while in the Americas they are being cleared at a rate faster than tropical rainforests. 12 species of mangroves found in India are considered to be Critically jeopardize and a total of 57 mangrove and mangrove-associated species are considered threatened. The main reasons for the remainder in the area are mainly due to population hug in and around the mangrove belts. Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves * Mangroves are extremely in the raw to current rising sea levels ca utilise by global warming and climate, Cyclones, typhoons and sacrosanct wave action. Insect such as Wood borers, Caterpillars, beetles eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood. * Weeds often occupy deforested mangrove areas and oblige the re-growth of mangrove tree species. * Barnacles are a type of arthropod which when attached to schoolboyish seedlings, interferes with respiration and photosynthesis and delays seedling growth. Oysters, Crabs, Gastropods also damage the plant parts. * Mangrove trees are used for firewood, construction wood, pulp production , charcoal production, and animal fodder.While harvesting has taken military post for centuries, in some parts of the world it is no longer sustainable, exist the future of the forests. * Dams and irrigation reduces the amount of water reaching mangrove forests changing the salinity level of water in the forest. When salinity becomes too high the mangroves cannot survive. fresh water diversions can also lead to mangroves drying out. * Pollution is the major problem in world. Toxic man-made chemicals carried by river systems from sources upstream can kill animals nutriment in mangrove forests, while oil pollution can stretch forth mangrove roots and suffocate the trees.Effects Of Mangroves Disappearance Mangroves are saline coastal forests include heavy biomasses of trees and shrubs. Such forests are essential in protecting the coastal regions they surround from erosion, but they have also been shown to help extenuate the effects of tropical storms by buffering coastal communiti es against hurricane-like winds and tidal surges. * Widespread desolation of mangroves (Bahamas, Australia) has resulted in the loss of some of the worlds most diverse ecosystems. As a side effect his has greatly increased shoreline hazards and beach erosion rates. The greatest emolument of mangroves is their ability to reduce storm surge. This benefit is long-term and requires no maintenance. The 1999 super typhoon, Orissa, killed over 10,000 people in India drowning many with its powerful storm surge * The widespread destruction of Burmas mangroves has overstated another human disaster in the wake of cyclone Nargis, a tragedy that might have claimed more than 100,000 lives, according to a news serve estimates.Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistans coastline is nether mangrove forestation. The coastal communities as well as the fisheries of the coast depend upon this ecosystem their existence is associated with its well-being. Mangroves historically have been considered to be wastelands. The vital flow of the Indus River into the Indus Delta, which constitutes one of the most capacious mangrove areas along the Pakistani coast, is heavily polluted by a variety of ndustrial effluents, sewage, solid waste and nutrient-enriched irrigation water. THE Indus delta mangroves are under the control of the Sindh forest department (280,470 ha), Port Qasim Authority (64,400 ha) and Sindh Board of Revenue (255,130 ha). The area under control of the forest department and Port Qasim is declared as protect forest and the area under the control of the Board of Revenue is sort as government wasteland. The Indus delta provides subsistence to approximately 200,000 people throughout the year.A late(a) study by WWF Pakistan (2006) has estimated the existing cover of the Indus delta mangroves around 73,000 ha. Historically, there used to exist eight species of mangroves which have declined to four species at present. References * www. mangrove. org * http//www. mangrovewatch. org. au * http//ocw. unu. edu * http//www. conservancy. org. hk * http//floridakeys. noaa. gov * http//whataremangroves. com/ * http//www. wwfpak. org/forest_mangrove. php * http//www. cssforum. com. pk/css-optional-subjects * www. pandas. org

Misrepresentation of Canadian First Nations People

One can argue that the 2010 Olympics committee has edited and re-packaged native refinement which has in any case been ripped out of its traditional contexts. The Committee is highlighting Arctic endemical imagery yet Vancouver, the centre of the Games, is a temperate city. Arctic endemic passels did not live there or on the nearby whistling marmot and Cypress mountains, where some Olympic events will be held. Other BC prototypal Nations tribes who did live in that area of British Columbia also were not represented in the marketing iconography.One First Nations piece of music who was asked to be a participant in the 2010 opening ceremonies, was told when he came to the naming room in his own traditional regalia, to put them aside and preferably done some sort of costume, like you see the king and the faggot entertain in Europe those big long robes that drag on the floor. It was not remotely authentic at the least. This misrepresentation of the First Nations people does nt show the world who they really are as First Nations people.When I watched the Olympics opening ceremonies on February 12th 2010, after the original bare I felt proud of my coun turn in for finally including and celebrating Native peoples in the production. I was also happy that it is the first time that First Nations have been recognized by the International Olympic Committee as semiofficial host partners in any games.Take a minute and try to understand the Indigenous plight. This is not something that is so far in the historical it has no effect today. It has a very strong effect. Colonization and residential schools has influenced my friends fathers suicide and has in turn affected her faultless life. The pain is still present, it is still here. I would ask that you just listen, and ponder, and mulct the real Native history that has been hidden from all of us.

In the Eyes of the Common Filipino Essay

In what modal values does Campus Journalism sustain a good maroon for developing Nationalistic Ideals? Maria Blandina Pamaong lovingly known by her friends as Inday wakes up at four in the morning to prepargon her goods and products for her eighteen year old small business. She lives in Capitol Valley just a trek away from BIT Dao. In a 4 kilometer drive with her husband Marito in a tricycle, they carry all their goods all the way to the Tagbilaran Rizal Park and reach in that location by 600am. They stack and arrange thee products neatly for the benefit of passers by.Shes now 47 years old and has been this woman whom I acquire the sweetest popcorns and snack from, every time I go to the church crossways the road. And Ive been buying from her ever since I could remember. At the same time, she had been a witness of different stories in Rizal Park as far as she could recall when she started. She has four children. All of whom ar boys. The eldest, Marito, Jr. , just graduate at BISU MC with the course of something Automotive Mechanic and is now in Cebu. Following him, Marc Anthony is now in Cebu Philippine State College of Aeronautics.And the other two, Matthew and Vincent are studying high rail at Dr. Cecilio Putong National High inform (DCPNHS). You didnt think she was some kind of low profile nothing, powerful? As far as I can tell she was up to(p) to send them to school with a 500Php daily income from her small business and their tricycle. To add, Inday has worked her way to graduate of Bachelor of Science in Commerce at divine Name University (HNU). You see, I find her the best person to answer my dubiousness above. And it is because she is part of the common pinoy.She is the witness, the spectator of unwavering events that does seem to shape our ideals today. And she is to a fault the testimony to the positive nationalistic ideals that is either preserved or annihilated. Similarly, her experiences let the cat out of the bag of the ideals that she has cultivated and the dreams that were forgotten. For instance, she has encountered many young Filipinos dating in their vulgar possess of Public Display of affection (PDA). Many of these students are in their school uniforms.They go frolicking as if theyre proud that theyre doing it while theyre from a catholic school. She has also bared the irresponsible littering d one(a) by many. They cast trash as if it was nothing harmful. In other occasions, she finds felicity among volunteers who are very cooperative especially towards accommodateing the park clean. They hand over also blessed them with gifts and packed lunches especially during Christmas season. She is glad that thee people are compelled to share what they have gained. And when I reached to that question, she was assured of her answers.First, she shared the nationalistic ideals she adheres. She enumerated profound work, respect, self-discipline and self respect as the ideals she yearns for everyone who has neglect ed them. Afterwards, she said that the affectivity of news media as a ground for developing these ideals leave behind depend upon the people. pull up stakes they do something after theyve read an article handle this? Will they reply for the greater good? She even said that when those who see the signs like keep off the grass, they will have different reactions.The other one would probably follow it and another wont. Likewise, she agrees that campus journalism is a good ground for the development of nationalistic ideals. Maayo na lang ng nay naningkamot, she affirms. We both hold that it does become an excellent ground by re consciousnessing and guiding us into noticing the ideals that we should regain. mountain will always respond to these guides in different ways. Just like her children, they answer differently to her concerns. She says that with higher technology among the new generation, it is indeed great.It is short immense to have journalists and campus journalism to w ake and endorse the ideals that weve grown to and whitethorn have been lost. It is amazing too that this came from her. All this is from a persistent vendor, down the stairs a coke tent in Rizal Park just across the St. Joseph Cathedral. And that this lady, whose hobby was reading romantic and horror books, looks forward. She positively looks forward for journalists who will write for the betterment of the Filipino nationalistic ideals engraved to every Filipinos mind and heart.

The Effect Of Motivation, Values And Involvement Of The Buyers In The Market

In each and e real merchandise the buyers ar aleatory and therefore strategical marketplace should be in a instruction that the marketers influence the decisions made by the buyers. Motivation, set and date of the buyers plays a very important role in influencing the decision of the buyers. For a cable memorial tablet to be unique from separate competitors in the industry it pauperisations to compliance a strong relationship with the current buyers and the potential buyers.Considering the values of the buyers, involving them in the decision making process and motivating them accordingly be both(prenominal) of the ways that businesses can wasting disease to influence the expression of the buyers. There is make to enquiry on the indigence, value and involvement of the buyer beca subprogram all of the triple-crown sales are made not because of the excellence of the merchandises being marketed besides because the marketers either consciously or unconscious mindly live with found a human reason to wherefore their crops should sell. The marketers need to understand the role of motivation, values and involvement of the buyers so as to have a successful sale.Businesses that construe the higher up role end up making improper decisions concerning the behavior of the buyer and hence they incur significant losses. Research also call for to be carried turn out to show the differences in the levels of motivation and involvement among buyers who are purchasing for business reasons and those who are purchasing for personal reasons. concord the values, motivation and the involvement of the buyers also helps businesses retain their customers and hence have a stable market and a competitive advantage in the market.Due to the above situationors which clearly show the importance of the motivation, values and involvement of the buyers there is need to carry out a question so as to result more information to businesses on this topic. LITERATURE REV IEW In a business context the behavior of the consumers is referred to as the study of the reason why consumers purchase specific items during a certain period in a certain place. In trying to understand the concept of consumer behavior a share of research has looked at it from a social, psychology and economics view.A lot of research has been carried to evaluate the behavior of the consumers but most of the research is carried out on conventions of the consumers and fails to canvass the behavior of a single consumer without the influence of the other consumers in the market. Most of the research that has been carried out studies the characteristics of consumers in collections so as to understand the take and preferences of a certain group of consumers (Solomon et al 121-135). This research study volition study the consumers individually to understand personal needs and preferences of consumers.Studies have also been carried out to investigate the influence consumers get from their friends, families and the company as a whole. Consumer behavior also tries to study the consumer retention, the relationship of the consumers and the business and also the values of the consumers. Businesses need to consider the motivation of the buyers in baffle to improve their sales. There are two types of motivations of the buyers psychological motivation and physiologic motivation (Hauftvet et al 889).Consumer behavior studies are carried out to determine how the consumers use and dispose the product as well as to understand how the products are purchased. Marketers need to understand the use of the products they deal with because this affects how a product is positioned in the market and how the marketers can influence the consumption of the product. Due to the fact that environmental problems arise as a result of disposal of the products purchased by the consumers it is necessity to study the disposal of products as this affects the motivation of the buyers towards a certain product.The research leave behind extend previous studies in that it give look at the effect of consumer behavior on the society for example aggressive marketing of foods rich in high foods has serious effects on the wellness of the population (Henry, 2004 256-262). In the early 1900s Dither carried out a qualitative market research and suggested that the motives of the consumers are initiated by concealed unconscious needs. However, most of the theories developed by Ditcher on consumer motivations have been disregarded in the modern marketing strategies (as cited in Ziems, 2004 211).Ditcher identified five stages involved in the motivation process as underlying need, drive, desire, goal and behavior. Consumer involvement is the increase state of awareness that tends to motivate consumers to think about a product and seek information regarding the product before they buy it. High levels of involvement of the buyers have been seen to increase the attention of the buyers t owards certain products and also the consumers place great importance on the sources of the information relating to the products.This research provide also investigate whether there is more to motivating the consumers rather than unaware desires or wants of the consumers. Hein, 2006 remark that the only best way to hook a buyer into purchasing a certain product is touching the buyers emotionally (Hein, 2006 42). HYPOTHESES The level of motivation of the buyers affects the competitive advantage of the business. The value of buyers on a certain product affects the sales of the product. High levels of involvement of the buyers increase the information the buyers have regarding the product.RESEARCH METHODS In selection of the research methods to be used in this research, time on tap(predicate) for the research, the cost of the research and access to the information were the factors that go out be baffle into consideration. For the successful tip of the study it will be necessary to involve info from various sources to enable the business produce items that the buyers want and not what the business thinks the buyers want. Both primary and secondary methods of research will be used in this study.Secondary research will involve making use of information that has been collected in previous studies. Primary data prayer methods will also be used in this research. The methods used will include mail questionnaires, use of focus groups, call off surveys and direct observations. The research will focus more on the data collected done surveys because surveys produce more specific information regarding the buyers. The surveys will have equal to(p) ended questions as well as close ended questions.Due to the fact that mail surveys are generally inexpensive they will be pet in this research to cut down the cost of the research. MEASUREMENT near Collection of the data in this study will commence by informing the expected respondents of the need to carry out the re search and how their responses will be treated during the research. The expected respondents will hence be move a copy of the questionnaire through mail. So as to minimize the chances of unreciprocated questionnaires the police detective will take a sample of the respondents from a group of the consumers.The sample will consist of people of all races, ethnic group and age. Follow ups will because be done through the phone to ensure that the respondents have received the questionnaires and they are willing to respond to the questionnaires. Observations will then be made to understand the level of involvement of the respondents and how this affects the market of the product. After the questionnaires have been completed by the respondents the researcher will then collect all the questionnaires and analyze the data acquired.Analysis of the data will be carried out by use of SPSS and then graphs and charts will be derived from the data to present the data in a more clear way. The re searcher will then collect secondary information from previous studies that have been carried out. The secondary information combined with the primary information will then be used to show how the values, motivation and the involvement of the buyers affect the market of the product. Statistical analysis will also be carried out on the data collected to test for validity and reliability of the data.DISCUSSION For the successful completion of this research contributions will be drawn from earlier researchers in the area. The marketers will also be expected to participate in the research in that they will give experiences on how the values, motivation and involvement of the consumers have moved(p) the marketing of their products. One of the major difficulties expected during the research is unwilling respondents. This will result to unanswered questionnaires hence gaps in the expected data.An error whitethorn occur in the observation method of collecting information, this happens when the researcher observes the wrong behaviors of the sampled population. There will be need for further research in this area to clearly identify the measures that business organizations should take to ensure that the buyers are more involved in the business activities. WORD COUNT 1, 480 pee CITED Haugtvedt P. Curtis, Paul Herr and Frank R. Kardes, (2008), Handbook of consumer psychology, Illustrated Edition, bare-ass York, CRC Press Hein, K. (2006, October 2). Inside the musical theme of the Marketer.Brandweek, 47(36), 16-21. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from the Academic Search Complete database Henry Assael, (2004), consumer behavior a strategic approach, illustrated Edition, Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Publishers Solomon R Michael, Gary J. Bamossy, Soren Askegaard, (2001), Consumer behavior A European perspective, Second Edition, New York, Prentice Hall Publishers. Ziems, D. (2004, June). The Morphological Approach for Unconscious Consumer Motivation Research. diary of Adv ertising Research, 44(2), 210-215. Retrieved July 22, 2009 from EJC database

Low birth weight and preterm babies Essay

get-go conduct fish and preterm babies in United States is increasing. Low kind lean babies argon babies who are born with the birth system of weightsing of less than 5 lbs. either due(p) to preterm delivery or due to restriction of growth inside the uterus. These measly birth weight babies are at increased put on the line for early death and long-term wellness and developmental issues than infants born later in pregnancy or at higher birth weights. Not all preterm infants are baseborn birth weight, and vice versa.Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic DisparitiesDisparities in racial and ending exist with preterm and low birth weight infants. According to child health USA 2010 report, low birth weight infants who were born to non-Hispanic pitch blackness women were more than than the infants born to other racial and ethnic group. The infants born to non- Hispanic black women was 3.0 percent whereas the infants born to non- Hispanic white women was only 1.2 percent. The Ameri apprize Indian was 1.3 percent and the all other races were 1.5 percent with low birth weight infants.Causes for preterm and low birth weight babiesPrevious delivery of low birth weight babies or preterm deliveries. Teen of age less than 20 years or advanced maternal age of great than 35 years. every maternal health problems such as hypertension, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). procedure of substance abuse during pregnancy such as alcohol, cigarette sens and cocaine use. Low socio-economic status with no medical examination insurance, Lack of bread and butter at the time of pregnancy. Physical and mental stress during pregnancy.Violence, abuse or exposures to secondhand smoke are some of the causes for preterm and low birth weight infants (Morrin, 2008, p.8).Impact on family and monastic orderPreterm and low birth weight infants induce greater risk not only for the infants, but in any case for the families and the society as well. The impact of very low-birth-weight i nfants on the family is long lasting. Preterminfants born at less than 34 weeks are at high risk for suffering outcomes, including inveterate health conditions, long-term disability, and death. The loss of a baby can be a devastating experience for a family. Many preterm and low birth weight infants that survive the perinatal period are unguarded to a host of childhood morbidities such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolescents born prior to 35 weeks of completed maternal quality have been shown to have a higher degree of abnormal reason development and cognitive and behavioral problems than adolescents born full-term.These poorer birth outcomes have also been associated with serious health conditions in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease, slip II diabetes, and hypertension. The financial cost associated with treating preterm labor and delivery is quite high. The parents of low birth weight infants have higher score s for financial burden, familial/social impact, personal strain, and mastery. And they experience more impact when children had a useful handicap or low adaptive developmental quotient (APHA Policy control Database, August 11, 2006).In the society they cause more medical costs due to the length of stay in neonatal intensive address unit. Usually women with poor socio economic conditions, homeless are greatest risk for low birth weight infants and they have no medical insurances. This possesses greater impact on the society because their costs have to be picked up by Medicaid or the hospital system.Regarding community resources, I feel thither are enough resources available in the community for preterm infants and their families, The Centers for Disease condition and Prevention is currently promoting preconception and post conception complaint as critical to improve the health of the nation. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance class (SNAP) to improve outcomes for the mother and h er family. New Jersey has lots of support serve for pregnant women and women with low birth weight infants, they are,Nutrition programs, intellectual nourishment banks, and food stampsFinancial assistance for medical care, utilities, and unemployment benefitsOrganizations for children with special developmental or medical needsHeadStart and other educational programsMedical care and insurance resourcesCounseling services and more (Preemie care, n.d).ReferencesAPHA Policy Statement Database. (August 11, 2006). Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http//www.apha.org/protagonism/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1326Morrin, J. (2008, September). Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Low stand weight for Connecticut. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http//www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/family_health/health_disparities_in_lbw_final_report_10_1_08.pdfPreemie Care -RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus) Awareness & Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.preemiecare.org/supportgroups.htmNJVery L ow Birth Weight Child Health USA 2010. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http//www.mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa10/hstat/hsi/pages/203vlbw.html.