Engineer in Society

points make believe to set up economic and base hit solutions to serviceable problems, by prevailing mathematics, scientific knowledge and ingenuity while con steadring technical constraints. The term is derived from the Latin root ingenium, meaning cl incessantlyness. The industrial revolution and continuing proficient evolutions of the last few centuries baffle changed the connotation of the term slightly, resulting in the acquirement of rail snaping locomotiveers as applied scientists. The work of engineers is the link between perceived needfully of confederacy and commercial applications.As for engineer definition it is a arrest, trick and profession of acquiring and applying technical, scientific, and mathematical knowledge to purpose and implement solids, structures, machines, devices, musical ar catments, and extremityes that safely realize a desired objective or invention. The broad discipline of programme encompasses a range of more specialized sub dis ciplines, several(prenominal)ly with a more specific emphasis on certain field of application and particular beas of technology. The concept of plan has existed since ancient times as benignants devised fundamental inventions untold(prenominal) as the pulley, lever, and wheel.Each of these inventions is consistent with the fresh definition of engine room, exploiting basic mechanic principles to develop engrossful cocks and objects. The term role itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the countersignature engineer, which itself dates tolerate to 1325, when an engineer (liter completelyy, 1 who operates an engine) originally referred to a constructor of host engines. In this context, now obsolete, an engine referred to a military machine, i. e. , a mechanically skillful contraption utilise in war (for exemplification, a catapult). The word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 250), and meaning inna te(p) timber, in particular mental power, hence a clever invention. Later, as the design of civilian structures much(prenominal) as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil design entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the wrench of such non-military projects and those knotted in the older discipline of military engineering (the original meaning of the word engineering, now galacticly obsolete, with notable exceptions that go survived to the present day such as military engineering corps, e. g. the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Engineering, much uniform opposite science, is a broad discipline which is practically broken downward into several sub-disciplines. With the rapid advancement of technology m either a(prenominal) saucy palm be gaining prominence and new branches be developing such as materials engineering, computer engineering, softwargon engineering, nanotechnology, tribology, molecular e ngineering, mechatronics, and so on These new specialties just abouttimes concur with the traditional fields and form new branches such as mechanical engineering and mechatronics and galvanising and computer engineering.A new or appear sphere of application will commonly be defined temporarily as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines there is often gray area as to when a given sub-field becomes large and/or prominent enough to warrant classification as a new branch. One mention indicator of such emergence is when major universities set down establishing departments and programs in the new field. For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics.Engineering is a subject that ranges from large collaborations to small individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are beholden to some sort of financing agency a company, a set of inve stors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open design engineering. By its very nature engineering is rally up with society and human behaviour. Every product or construction employ by modalityrn society will micturate been influenced by engineering design.Engineering design is a very powerful tool to make changes to environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a great responsibility. Many lists of engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the creation at large. Engineering projects sess be subject to controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of thermonuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of turn utility vehicles and the extr effect of inunct.In response, some western engineering companies have enacted serious corporate and kindly responsi bility policies. Engineering is a key driver of human development. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very small engineering capacity which results in many Afri merchantman nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid. The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.Safety is the state of being safe (from French sauf), the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or upshots of ruin, damage, error, accidents, injure or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include resistance of people or of possessions.Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to dodges engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed even when pieces fail. Continuous changes in technology, environmental regulation and usual resort concerns make the analysis of complex arctic-critical systems more and more demanding. Safety is often seen as one of a company of related disciplines quality, reliability, availability, maintainability and gum elastic.These issues t turn back to determine the value of any work, and deficits in any of these areas are considered to result in a cost, beyond the cost of addressing the area in the first place good management is then judge to downplay total cost. Theoretically, safety-engineers take an early design of a system, lose it it to find what faults can occur, and then propose safety requirements in design specifications up front and changes to existing systems to make the system safer.But actually, safety engineers are a ssigned to prove that an existing, bangd design is safe. If a safety engineer then discovers significant safety problems late in the design parade, correcting them can be very expensive. This type of error has the potential to looseness large centres of money. The exception to this conventional approach is the way some large government agencies approach safety engineering from a more proactive and turn up process perspective, cognize as system safety.The system safety philosophy is to be applied to complex and critical systems, such as commercial s arrestliners, complex weapon systems, spacecraft, rail and transportation systems, air traffic control system and other complex and safety-critical industrial systems. The proven system safety methods and techniques are to prevent, lapse and control hazards and take chancess through intentional influences by a collaboration of key engineering disciplines and product teams. computer software safety is a fast growing ield since modern systems functionality are more and more being put nether control of software. The whole concept of system safety and software safety, as a subset of systems engineering, is to influence safety-critical systems designs by conducting several types of hazard analyses to identify risks and to specify design safety features and procedures to strategically ebb risk to welcome levels before the system is certified. Additionally, failure mitigation can go beyond design recommendations, particularly in the area of aid. in that location is an entire realm of safety and reliability engineering known as Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), which is a discipline that is a head up result of analyzing potential failures at bottom a system and determining criminal maintenance actions that can mitigate the risk of failure. This methodology is used extensively on aircraft and involves netherstanding the failure modes of the serviceable replaceable assemblies in addition to the kerne l to detect or predict an impending failure.Every automobile proprietor is familiar with this concept when they take in their car to have the oil changed or brakes checked. Even make full up ones car with enkindle is a simple example of a failure mode (failure repayable to fuel exhaustion), a means of detection (fuel pretend), and a maintenance action (filling the cars fuel tank). For large scale complex systems, hundreds if not thousands of maintenance actions can result from the failure analysis. These maintenance actions are based on conditions (e. g. , gauge reading or leaky valve), hard conditions (e. . , a component is known to fail after 100 hrs of operation with 95% certainty), or require inspection to determine the maintenance action (e. g. , metal fatigue). The RCM concept then analyzes each individual maintenance item for its risk contri exclusivelyion to safety, mission, operating(a) ingenuity, or cost to repair if a failure does occur. Then the sum total of all the maintenance actions are bundled into maintenance intervals so that maintenance is not occurring around the clock, but rather, at regular intervals.This bundling process introduces hike complexity, as it might stretch some maintenance cycles, thereby increasing risk, but reduce others, thereby potentially reducing risk, with the end result being a comprehensive maintenance schedule, purpose build to reduce operational risk and ensure acceptable levels of operational readiness and availability. The two most common fault modelling techniques are called failure mode and make analysis and fault tree analysis. These techniques are dear ways of inding problems and of do plans to cope with failures, as in probabilistic risk assessment. One of the earliest complete studies victimization this technique on a commercial nuclear plant was the WASH-1400 study, in like manner known as the nuclear reactor Safety Study or the Rasmussen Report. formerly a failure mode is identified, it can us ually be prevented entirely by adding extra equipment to the system. For example, nuclear reactors contain dangerous radiation, and nuclear reactions can cause so much heat that no substance might contain them. at that placefore reactors have emergency core cooling systems to keep the temperature down, shielding to contain the radiation, and engineered barriers (usually several, nested, vanquish by a containment building) to prevent accidental leakage. around biological organisms have a certain amount of redundancy multiple organs, multiple limbs, etc. For any given failure, a fail-over or redundancy can or so always be designed and incorporated into a system. health is the ecumenical condition of a person in all aspects.It is as well as a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, often implicitly human. At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health was defined as being a state of complete physical, mental, and socia l well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Only a handful of earthly concernations have focused specifically on the definition of health and its evolution in the first 6 decades. Some of them highlight its lack of operational value and the problem created by use of the word complete. Others declare the definition, which has not been modified since 1948, simply a bad one. In 1986, the WHO, in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, utter that health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Classification systems such as the WHO Family of world(prenominal) Classifications (WHO-FIC), which is composed of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also define health.Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, emotional, an d social well-being, which, in concert is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle. Health and working together safety engineers plan, implement, and engineer safety programs to prevent or correct insecure environmental working conditions. They promote workplace and product safety by identifying and monitoring potential hazards to people or property.They then apply an travel knowledge of industrial processes and human performance principles to reduce or eliminate the risk of injury or damage. To create a safe and environmentally sound workplace, engineers coordinate with outside organizations, such as fire departments or the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) design and install safety devices on machinery or c distributehing and investigate causes of industrial accidents to prevent further incidents. They also conduct tests to ascertain air quality, noise level, temperature, or radiation.Once the analysis is complete, they then consult with governmental organi zations on how to handle such problems in compliance with safety regulations. Health and safety engineers then coordinate the training of workers on safety procedures using safety equipment, devices, and clothing. Working under the Health segment and the work involves is the planning, administration and performance of public health engineering duties concerned with the execution of one or more phases of the environmental health program.The work entails advising public officials or individuals on problems requiring professional public health engineering expertise, including measures for improvement and compliance with legal requirements, assisting in the advance of public health through application of environmental health practices, assisting in the enforcement of the provisions of local and State health matters and investigations of related conditions and problems. The work is performed under general supervision of a Senior Public Health Engineer with leeway allowed for exercise o f independent judgment in carrying out dilate of the work.Engineers also played a relatively indirect role in medication until the last 40 to 50 geezerhood. They produced instruments and articles specified by doctors and medical exam practitioners. There was however an interesting contribution made by Isambard state Brunel in 1855. He responded to the scandal of the appalling conditions of the Crimean War military hospital, publicized by Florence Nightingale, by designing the first portable hospital of one thousand beds within six days of receiving a request for befriend from the War Office. The project was completed in five months from design to admission price of the first wounded soldier.The accounting entry of anaesthetics in 1846 fundamentally changed surgery by suppressing pain. This gave surgeons more time and allowed for the developments of new techniques which made surgery more constructive. til now modern medical developments really began in 1876 when Robert Koch, a German doctor, proved for the first time that microorganisms could cause disease. The first chemical agent to combat infection, salvarsan or 606 (arsenobenzene) was actual by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 and although it had many side effects, remained the only means of curing acute infection until the second world war when penicillin was introduced.Although penicillin was originally discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, it was the transformation and ingenuity of chemists and engineers such as Ernst Chain, who built for Beechams the fermenter which enabled bulk semi-synthetic penicillins to be produced. Whilst chemists and engineers were involved in delivering the pull aheads of microorganisms such as antibiotics and vaccines, electrical engineers were advancing and applying technology to the benefit of healthcare.Of special merit was Godfrey Hounsfields singular contribution in the sixties of the development of three dimensional reconstructions from two dimensional (2D) X-ray s, namely the spirit scanner, later to be developed into the body scanner. Engineering in medicine has been an important and its believed that the role of the engineer in many areas of healthcare will grow. Constant innovation and development is needed to avoid the generations of the twenty-first atomic number 6 looking back at our surgical and medical techniques with the alike(p) appalled fascination in the 19th century.The ever-expanding array of medical technologies includes insubstantial hips and organs, endoscopy (enabling minimally invasive surgery), intelligent prosthetic devices ( false limbs, hearing aids) and implantable devices (pacemaker, defibrillator), novel technologies used in cardiac catheterization, enduring monitoring, and medical imaging. These developments have had a awe-inspiring impact on the medical industry and have led to many technologies and medical devices without which modern medicine would be unthinkable.Todays activities range from nano- to inf ormation technology and involve such diverse applications as microsensors, artificial organs, physiological modelling, genomics, molecular imaging, home care monitoring, ergonomics, information processing, data management, and patient safety. Environment in this case is congenital environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, encompasses all living and non-living things occurring born(p)ly on Earth or some region thereof. The concept of the natural environment can be grand by two components.Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all vegetation, living organisms, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries. Others is universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, piddle, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating from human performance. The natural en vironment is contrasted with the built environment, which comprises the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans.A geographical area is regarded as a natural environment (with an indefinite article), if the human impact on it is kept under a certain check level. In engineering, is more related with environmental engineering whereas define as the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment (air, wet, and/or lend resources), to propose healthy water supply, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. environmental engineering involves water and air defilement control, recycling, crazy disposal, and public health issues as well as knowledge of environmental engineering jurisprudence.It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. Environmental engineers conduct hazardous- blow management studies to judge the significance of such hazards, advice on intervention and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater manipulation systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.At many universities, Environmental Engineering programs follow either the Department of Civil Engineering or The Department of Chemical Engineering at engineering faculties. Environmental civil engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and water treatment plant design. Environmental chemical engineers, on the other hand, focus on environmental chemistry, advance air and water treatment technologies and judicial separation processes. Additionally, engineers are more frequently hold backing specialized training in law (J.D. ) and are utilizing their technical expertise i n the practices of Environmental engineering law. Most jurisdictions also impose licensing and registration requirements. Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major pot system that reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases such as cholera. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in modify countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities.In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those societies had longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One example is the widespread application of DDT to control agricultural pests in the years following World War II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and garnish yields increased dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria was controlled better than it ever had been, numerous species were brought to the verg e of extinction due to the impact of the DDT on their reproductive cycles.The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carsons smooth Spring is considered to be the birth of the modern environmental movement and the development of the modern field of environmental engineering. Conservation movements and laws restricting public actions that would harm the environment have been developed by unhomogeneous societies for millennia. Notable examples are the laws decreeing the construction of sewers in London and Paris in the 19th century and the creation of the U. S. national park system in the early twentieth century.Briefly speaking, the main task of environmental engineering is to protect public health by protecting (from further degradation), preserving (the present condition of), and enhancing the environment. Pollutants whitethorn be chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive, or even mechanical. Environmental engineering emphasizes several areas process engineering, environmental chemistry, water and sewage treatment (sanitary engineering), waste reduction/management, and pollution prevention/cleanup.Contribution to society is engineers and scientists assess the impacts of a proposed project on environmental conditions. They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, optic (landscape) impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts.An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands in a nearby location to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not mathematical to reroute the road. Engineers and scientists also work to secure water supplies for potable and agricultural use. They evaluate the water balance within a watershed and d etermine the uncommitted water supply, the water needed for various needs in that watershed, the seasonal worker cycles of water movement through the watershed and they develop systems to store, treat, and convey water for various uses.Water is treated to achieve water quality objectives for the end uses. In the case of potable water supply, water is treated to minimize risk of infectious disease transmittal, risk of non-infectious illness, and create a pleasant-tasting water flavour. Water distribution systems are designed and built to provide adequate water pressure and flow rates to meet various end-user needs such as domestic use, fire suppression, and irrigation.Most urban and many rural areas no longer cast human waste directly to the land through outhouse, septic, and/or honey bucket systems, but rather deposit such waste into water and convey it from households via sewer systems. Engineers and scientists develop collection and treatment systems to carry this waste materia l onward from where people live and produce the waste and discharge it into the environment. In developed countries, substantial resources are applied to the treatment and detoxification of this waste before it is laid-off into a river, lake, or ocean system.Developing nations are striving to obtain the resources to develop such systems so that they can improve water quality in their surface waters and reduce the risk of water-borne infectious disease. There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a primary clarifier system to pull in ones horns solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an aeration wash-hand basin followed by flocculation and sedimentation or an activated sludge system and a secondary clarifier, a ordinal biological nitrogen removal system, and a final disinfection process.The aeration basin/activated sludge system absents ingrained material by growing bacteria (activated sludg e). The secondary clarifier removes the activated sludge from the water. The tertiary system, although not always included due to costs, is becoming more plethoric to remove nitrogen and phosphorus and to disinfect the water before discharge to a surface water stream or ocean outfall. Engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to the design of manufacturing and combustion processes to reduce air pollutant emissions to acceptable levels.Scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, catalytic converters, and various other processes are utilized to remove particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive organic gaseous statees (ROG) and other air pollutants from flue gases and other sources prior to allowing their emission to the atmosphere. Scientists also have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the ducking of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flu e gas stack emissions.To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes. Technology is an application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. Technology includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive. Whereas science is concerned with how and why things happen, technology focuses on devising things happen.Technology began to influence human endeavour as soon as people began using tools. It accelerated with the Industrial Revolution and the substitution of machines for beast and human labour. Accelerated technological development has also had costs, in basis of air and water pollution and other undesirable environmental effects. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural envi ronments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historic knowledge, to achieve some practical result. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields.For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologis ts the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.As for conclusion, engineer and engineering plays vital role in our life. Engineer has contribute a lot with the careful research and development using all the mathematical and science related in creating, solving and also improve our daily life. In existent of engineer also we are aware in the safety, health and environment. In ways, engineers identify what is safe and what not. Engineer create something in aid the medical profession thus improving the quality of life.Engineer also contributes in preventing pollution to occur and also find alternative for not destroying the environment. With more technological advancement, engineer have unlimited to what they can do in contribution to the society. Engineer must bear in mind, that everything must have it weakness and consequences. As such, engineer with obligation to serve the society must have good research and have think all the effect tha t could have happen before doing anything.