The Patriot Act and Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Patriot Act and Outsourcing - Essay Example First, the U.S. Patriot Act is unconstitutional because it intrudes upon the privacy of American citizens by violating their First and Fourth Amendment rights. Here the author makes it clear that the nature of the U.S. Patriot Act is an issue that still remains a mystery as Congress quickly passed the bill without much debate. The author insists that citizens are guaranteed their First Amendment’s guarantee of rights of freedom of speech along with freedom to assemble are rights that most Americans hold dear, but now actions such as civil disobedience, and protests, are being defined as â€Å"domestic terrorism† under this legislation. The author engages the reader about a specific clause known as Section 215 under this legislation terrorizes Americans because it breaks the 4th and 5th Amendment, which ensures the privacy of individuals. Moreover, law officials are permitted to seek the browsing history of Internet users from e-mail services. In addition, the government can conduct â€Å"sneak-and-peek† searches, and the â€Å"victim† would have no clue his house is getting searched. Moreover, law officials are permitted to seek the browsing history of Internet users from e-mail services .Furthermore, any evidence that is obtained illegally can be used in the court. Groups such as National Reform Association, and NACOC were furious at the government who could use wiretaps for forty-eight hours without obtaining a search warrant. Peter Swire, a professor at Ohio University, reports that FBI officials have been putting pressure on telecommunication companies to turn over calling records of citizens (Chang 49). Already concerns have been raised by the public whether sharing the information with federal agencies and local police is legal. The author clearly is insisting on the fact that the Patriot Act is already having a chilling effect, even in the areas where it does not apply† What was a law

Nixon-Kissinger Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Nixon-Kissinger Years - Essay Example (Nixon- Mao talks) "Henry Kissinger had been the primary architect of the "opening" to communistChina, while working secretly behind the scenes to oust the Republic of China(Taiwan) from the United Nations, which free China had helped to found. He emergedas spokesman for appeasement of and "rapprochement" with the Soviet Union, andpromoted policies which guaranteed the Soviet Union a strategic superiority over the U. S".(Allen)Cold war and domestic political considerations very likely made Nixon and Kissinger less eager todisclose the specifics of the pledges on Taiwan or the candid discussions of Soviet policy. ThatNixon and Kissinger routinely offered the Chinese intelligence briefings has already beendisclosed in declassified documents published by the National Security Archive. Kissinger pioneered the policy of dtente with the Soviet Union, seeking a relaxation intensions between the two superpowers. As a part of this strategy he negotiated the Strategic ArmsLimitation Talks (culminating in the SALT I treaty) and the anti-ballistic missile treaty withLeonard Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. "The United States is failing as a leader of the free world. It is being outgunned, outflanked, andoutmaneuvered by the world communist movement. A nation which had an unquestioned eight- hundred percent strategic military superiority over the Soviet Union in 1960 was settling,sixteen years later, for second...That Nixon and Kissinger routinely offered the Chinese intelligence briefings has already been disclosed in declassified documents published by the National Security Archive. Kissinger pioneered the policy of dà ©tente with the Soviet Union, seeking a relaxation in tensions between the two superpowers. As a part of this strategy he negotiated the Strategic Arms. Limitation Talks (culminating in the SALT I treaty) and the anti-ballistic missile treaty with Leonard Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. â€Å"The United States is failing as a leader of the free world. It is being outgunned, outflanked, and outmaneuvered by the world communist movement. A nation which had an unquestioned eight- hundred percent strategic military superiority over the Soviet Union in 1960 was settling, sixteen years later, for second place status†. (Allen) Kissinger also sought to place diplomatic pressure on the Soviet union; to accomplish this he made two secret trips to the People’s Republic of China in July and October 1971 to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai, then in charge of Chinese foreign policy. This set the stage for the ground breaking 1972 summit between Nixon and Zhou and communist party chairman Mao Zedong as well as the modernization of relations between the two countries, ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility and resulting in the formation of a strategic anti-Soviet Sino-American alliance.

Ielts Essays Essay Example for Free

Ielts Essays Essay 1. Sample essay: Every week millions of people buy lottery tickets, hoping their small investment will make them rich. They often believe that if they won a million dollars, their troubles would be over. If they actually got the money, would their dreams come true? Whether people live happily ever after when they win the lottery probably depends on what their dreams are. Money can buy some things but not others. Cash buys houses, cars, and college educations; it pays for medical treatment and clears up overdue bills. Money also purchases travel and new experiences. A million dollars could allow someone to quit a tough, boring job and try for something better. It could provide a feeling of security. On the other hand, winning so much money could actually cause some problems. A person who quit working might eventually become bored or lose some self-respect. Family members might squabble over what should be purchased. Long-lost friends, relatives, and even complete strangers are likely to want a handout. The winner must then decide whom to help and whom to offend. Despite all these drawbacks, I would rather win the money than not. The difficulties of having to manage a million dollars are troubles I would like to have. 2. Sample essay: After the baby is born, things will never be the same. People say that to expectant parents-and they are right! It will be a long time before those parents can again sleep late in the morning. A baby wakes early, screaming for food. The toddler thinks 6 a.m. is the right time to start the day. After that come early school mornings. It will be years before the parents can go anywhere together on the spur of the moment. Every outing must be planned ahead so that a baby-sitter can be found. The budget will be stretched, the work load will get heavier, and by the time parents can be alone, they may be too tired to talk. Still, people want children. Why? One reason is that children are a link to the future. They will probably be here after the parents are gone. In addition, their children will live after them. A deeper reason for wanting children, perhaps, is that the more people we have to love, the more fulfilled our lives can be. By giving to a child, people enrich their own lives. In the end, we live not only for ourselves, but for others. 3. Sample essay: It hurts to look at a paycheck and see how much of it was taken out for income tax. That money could have paid some important bills. It is easy to dream of doing away with the income tax and keeping all that money for ourselves. If there were no income tax, however, the government would have a lot less to spend. The money we send to Washington seems to fall into a black hole and disappear. Actually, though, many people depend on it. The money pays the salaries of government employees, who provide services from drug control to highway building. It supports our military defense. Also, much of the money is returned to people in the form of student loans, veterans benefits, and payments to farmers, for example. The government has been working to cut its budget lately. With every cut, someone complains loudly. So if the income tax were eliminated, other taxes would have to make up for it. Paying those other taxes would also hurt. Sales taxes fall most heavily  on poor people. Taxes on manufacturers only result in higher prices to consumers. Income taxes are not fun to pay. But doing without them would be worse. In my opinion, income taxes should be made as fair as possible. Then we each must bite the bullet and do our share. 4. Sample essay: Television has changed both the way we spend our time and what we know about the world. Some of the changes brought by television have improved our way of life, but others have made it worse. People today on the average spend several hours a day watching television. In times past, they would sit on their front steps and visit on nice evenings. This neighborly visiting built close friendships, but it seldom takes place any longer. Even though families may all watch TV together, they may not communicate much. Some women have called themselves sports widows because their husbands spend every spare minute watching televised football, baseball, and other sports. On the other hand, people have learned more about the world because of television. People in small towns know more about the city, and people in cities have learned about the country. Politicians, celebrities, wars, and disasters appear in the living room. Programs take viewers to the bottom of the sea, the tops of mountains, and even outer space. Some people think television leads to violence, immorality, and greed for possessions. I am not sure whether this is true. However, good or bad, TV is here to stay. It is up to each of us to make the most of its opportunities and avoid its problems. 5. Sample essay: When lack of money prevents us from having something we want very much, it is  tempting to dream of being rich. It is hard to keep in mind that Americans are already wealthy compared with people in many other parts of the world. Our modern conveniences would have been the envy of kings in times past. Just the same, most people would like a larger. Whether most people are capable of making a lot of money is another question. People in average circumstances can often get ahead through education, hard work, and careful money management. But getting ahead is not the same as actually becoming rich. Only a small percentage of Americans could be called truly wealthy. Some people joined this group from ordinary beginnings. Usually they have done it by carefully riding some major development in the economy on its way up. In the past, great fortunes have been made in oil, steel, and railroads. Recently, some people have made millions in computers and real estate. Usually, though, it takes money to make money. Big investors often start rich and then get richer. Most of us cannot strike oil or start the next new technical breakthrough. Most people are not born into wealthy families, either. In America it certainly is possible to become more prosperous. But unless someone wins the lottery, real wealth is not very likely to come along. 6. Sample essay: You come home alone after a long day at work. You open the door to your home. No one is there. Is it blessed silence you hear or echoing emptiness? The millions of people who live alone today may have either experience. Some love living alone, yet others wish they didnt have to. When they open that door at night, people who live alone do not have to put up with demands or listen to someones noise or meet anyones dinner deadlines. They do not have to debate about which TV program to watch or  stay off the phone because someone else is expecting an important call. No one else messes up their kitchen. But when they are sick, no one else will bring them an aspirin or call the doctor. Preparing dinner for one can be difficult, and eating dinner for one night after night can be very lonely. Perhaps no one really cares what they did all day. If they are feeling sad, there may be no one to cheer them up. Some people who live alone say the worst times come when something very good happens because there is no one to share the joy. During the course of a lifetime, one may sometimes live with others and sometimes live alone. Each way of life has its advantages. Learning to take advantage of them is one key to contentment. 7. Sample essay: Sports includes both national teams and the teams for the rest of us. The national teams are mainly concerned with winning and with money. The other teams are mainly concerned with winning and with money. The other teams provide different satisfactions. Being on a team helps people learn teamwork to rely on others and to do their own part as well. Players learn both to win and to lose. When the team loses, the members learn that they can come back from a loss. They look for the reasons they were beaten, work on their weaknesses, and try again. When the team wins, the members can learn to be gracious winners and good sports. Sports are also for play. Most of us have work to do most of the time. Now and then we need to have fun. Sports can provide the time to relax. If a team helps people learn to work together, lose win, and have fun, its a winner regardless of the score. But if players on a winning team have not worked together, if they feel that winning makes them better than others, if there was no joy in the sport, those winners are losers. Having the winning score is important. Being a winner as a person is worth even more. 8. Sample essay: Advertisers who directly attack their competitors may amuse me if they do it cleverly. However, they have probably lost me as a customer. Companies who attack their rivals remind me of people who boost their egos by criticizing others. When people do this, I often suspect they have little to offer and may even have something to hide. I would rather find out what is good about a person, not what is bad about someone else. Similarly, I like advertising that lets me know about products that might meet my needs. I dont place much faith in ads telling me what may be wrong with a rival product. I tend to suspect that the information could be biased. I also believe advertisers are foolish to name their rivals because by doing so they give the competing product free publicity. If the competition is worth attacking, I tend to think it may actually have something to offer. In advertising, as in life, I believe we should try to be the best we can be, without belittling the next person or the rival product. 9. Sample essay: Three generations living together can have both financial and personal advantages. On the other hand, it can also have personal disadvantages. In years past and today, three generations have probably lived together mostly out of economic necessity or advantage. Sometimes a young family moves in with the older generation because the husband and wife cant afford a place of their own. Sometimes grandparents move in because they arent well enough or cant afford to live alone anymore. Occasionally, grandparents come to take care of the children so both parents can work. In  times past, and sometimes today, three generations have lived together because they all depended on the same farm or business. Usually these arrangements do help solve financial and practical problems. Everyone has a roof over his or her head. Children and old people in need of care are likely to get it. Often a family can get ahead financially by sharing the work and the bills. In addition, a strong sense of family and of belonging can develop in everyone. What may be harder to work out are questions of whos in charge. If grandparents dont let go of some authority, the middle generation is likely to resent it. On the other hand, ailing grandparents may force their children to be parents to them and to their own children as well. If parents and grandparents disagree on discipline, children may be confused or angry. The personal disadvantages can be overcome. For three generations to live together successfully, everyones needs must be respected. 10. Sample essay: Television news shows are dramatic and interesting. Watching them is pleasant and does not require the effort of reading. If television did not cover the news, some people would know nothing about what is going on in the world. However, television newscasters cover only the events that they have time for, and they prefer stories that include some dramatic pictures. Viewers are quickly bored with reporters who sit and talk into the camera. As a result, a complicated story is often cut short. Newspapers and magazines do a better job of explaining complex events. They can include details, and a person with a special interest can take the time to read them. Others can stick to the headlines. Reading allows more freedom of choice than television. The TV audience cannot decide which stories to watch. In broadcasting, one size fits all.  However, a person who reads newspapers and magazines can choose to spend time on business, sports, health, or the school board election, depending on special interests. Television provides a useful glance at whats happening. However, a person who has individual interests and who wants the whole story needs newspapers and magazines as well. 11. Sample essay: Some people live in one community all their lives, while others move around almost as much as nomads. Both experiences have their advantages and disadvantages. People who stay in one spot can develop lifelong friendships, and such friends may lend a hand if trouble comes. They know each others life history, and they judge each other for the kind of person each is, not for the image each projects. Yet spending a lifetime in one location can also lock a person into a limited way of life. Personal change may become very difficult. People with few experiences may develop a narrow outlook and find it hard to understand those who have different ethnic, racial, or religious backgrounds. On the other hand, moving to different parts of the country is usually stressful. A person may feel lost and uprooted in a place where streets, stores, schools, and churches all are different. At first there are no friends to help. However, those who do move learn that people in other places have a variety of outlooks. There is a chance to appreciate different ways of life and even to choose the way one likes best. For a person who moves to a different place year after year, the disadvantages of moving probably outweigh the advantages. But a few moves  are probably worth the effort. By staying in each place for a length of time, people can broaden their outlook but have enough time to make adjustment and form friendships. 12. Sample essay: The automobile has probably changed peoples way of life more than any other invention of the last century. More than electric lights, television, air travel, or even computers, automobiles have changed where people live and work, how they make a living, and even how they find a mate. Before there were cars, people generally traveled on foot or by horse and buggy over unpaved roads. Whether they lived in the city or the country, they rarely went farther than a few miles from home. They saw the same people and places year after year. The car opened up whole new worlds. Roads were paved, and motorists went to see different parts of the country. Some decided to stay. People with cars could live farther from their jobs, and so the age of commuting began. New suburbs sprang up around the cities. The auto industry boomed, and millions of Americans made a living manufacturing, selling, servicing, or insuring cars. As more people got cars, your people began driving them. No longer was courtship confined to the girls front porch, under the watchful eye of her parents. The automobile began the sexual revolution. Some people believe that commuting, suburban life, and courting in cars are mixed blessings. Whether the changes are good or bad, they seem to be here to stay. 13. Sample essay: Many people complain that modern society is too materialistic. Other people, they say, place too great an importance on material property. Rather than  value values, these critics insist, people today value things. There is no doubt that we live in a material, consumer-oriented society. In economic terms, consumers use products; in everyday language, they acquire things: TVs, cars, clothes, furniture. This kind of materialism can actually be good for a society since it helps create jobs. When people have jobs, they acquire self-respect along with the money they need to provide the material things they and their families require. It is true, on the other hand, that many people have taken healthy consumerism too far. Materialism is evident when an otherwise intelligent person goes into debt charging things that he or she cannot pay for. Materialism is evident when people insist on buying a particular designer label even though the same quality can be found in a cheaper product. Materialism is evident when people are judged and admired for what they own rather than what they are or can do. Even if society has gone too far in the direction of materialism, as some say, the individual person doesnt need to surrender. He or she can still value honesty, integrity, freedom, talent, quality, and all the other values there are to value and leave the materialism to others. 14. Sample essay: People spend a great deal of time, money, and energy to see or read about movie stars, TV actors, singers, and athletes. Such celebrities often become idols. Posters, T-shirts, fan clubs, and attendance at live performances prove that. What do celebrities do to merit this attention? Celebrities create excitement. They create excitement because they have done something or can do something that supposedly not everyone else can do. Raising a child, waking early to go to work each morning, building a home and a place in the community-these achievements actually deserve more admiration than rolling through Beverly Hills in a limousine or jetting across the Atlantic to star in a new movie. Yet because these achievements  are part of many peoples everyday lives, they are not considered special. Celebrities help us dream by lifting us out of our everyday lives and imagining ourselves doing other than everyday activities. Celebrities also set styles. They become models for behavior, clothing, and hairdos. Just consider Elvis Presley or the Beatles, for example. Celebrities also influence politics, as Bob Hope and Robert Redford have done. Celebrities roles as special people and trendsetters, then, are the reason for the attention many of us lavish on them. In many ways, the celebrities of today have merely replaced the kings and queens of old. 15. Sample essay: Most people want to be successful in life, but success can come about in four ways: fame, money, knowledge, and pleasure. Success is also usually characterized by the word more; to be successful, people feel they have to be more famous, have more money, absorb more information, or enjoy life more. Success does not need to be characterized by quantity, however. Instead, you can measure the success of your life by its quality. It is not important, for example, how many people know you but who knows you and for what. Working in your community or on good relationships with family and friends can bring quality fame. Earning less money but spending it wisely and learning the joy saving is another way to succeed. Learning more so that you can turn around and teach someone else produces quality knowledge. And finally, all the above will most likely bring you quality success in enjoying the pleasures of living. Success, in conclusion, can be seen in different ways by different people. Only one thing is sure. No matter what other people see, the only one who knows whether youre succeeded is you. 16. Sample essay: Every year billions of dollars are spent on advertising. Many approaches are used to persuade consumers to buy a product. Some seem to work better than others. One approach, for example, is to try to make the reader or viewer identify with the people shown using the product. These people seem to be glamorous, loved, successful, elite, clever, or sexy. Supposedly, anyone who uses the product can expect the same reward. Another approach is to let the product speak for itself; people are attracted to scrumptious food, beautiful clothing, and sleek new cars. Sometimes good prices and special deals are the focus. Ads for complicated products, such as computers, may provide a lot of information. Endorsements by celebrities are especially common. In general, many of the ads succeed. People do tend to buy what they see advertised. However, some advertising can backfire. People may be offended, for example, by ads that are overly sexy or ones that viciously or sarcastically attack competitors products. Advertising can be a useful aid for the consumer. It helps a person learn what is new or in style or handy to have around, what things cost, and where to buy them. To use this information effectively, however, a person must learn to look past the emotional appeals and find the facts. 17. Sample essay: Some animals are pets, some are wild, and many of them provide us with food. All have a different and important role in our lives. It is easy to forget that the steak at the supermarket once formed part of a steer. But without domestic animals such as chickens and cattle, we would all be vegetarians, or a great deal of our time would need to be spent hunting. Wild animals attract sport hunters. For some people they are even an  important source of food. When urban people visit the wild, deer, bears, and other wild animals remind them of an older way of life. Pets, however, are the animals that are especially significant for most of us. They are undemanding companions; they love us when we are not at our best. A pet can be a great comfort when life seems hard. For children, pets can be both fun and instructive. If a child cares for a pet, he or she learns to take responsibility for another being. Watching kittens or puppies being born can be a natural form of sex education. For children, as for adults, pets are loving companions and a help in tough time. As I recall, an Indian chief once said, Without our brothers, the animals, we would all be very lonely. I believe he was right.

History Of The Nike As A Company

History Of The Nike As A Company Founded as an importer of Japanese shoes, NIKE, Inc. (Nike) has grown to be the worlds largest marketer of athletic footwear and apparel. In the United States, Nike products are sold through about 20,000 retail accounts; worldwide, the companys products are sold in about 110 countries. Both domestically and overseas Nike operates retail stores, including Nike Towns and factory outlets. Nearly all of the items are manufactured by independent contractors, primarily located overseas, with Nike involved in the design, development, and marketing. In addition to its wide range of core athletic shoes and apparel, the company also sells Nike and Bauer brand athletic equipment, Cole Haan brand dress and casual footwear, and the Sports Specialties line of headwear featuring licensing team logos. The company has relied on consistent innovation in the design of its products and heavy promotion to fuel its growth in both U.S. and foreign markets. The ubiquitous presence of the Nike brand and its Swoosh trademark led to a backlash against the company by the late 20th century, particularly in relation to allegations of low wages and poor working conditions at the companys Asian contract manufacturers. General Usage of PEST PEST is part of business environment, which consider by external environment. Political environment is the starting point, many other sources of macro-environmental forces. The result of political decision-making can often be seen as the governments economic policies and legislation. It is important to know is that the political and legislative environment related to the marketing of great significance, and may have a marketing strategy on the development are directly related. (Geoff Lancaster, 1993) Closely related to, and intertwined with, the political / legal environment is the economic environment. The marketing strategist must understand the variety of economic variables that will shape marketing plans. Factors such as rates of inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, industrial output, levels of disposable income and the balance of payments are just some of the factors of potentially major concern to marketing management because they, in turn, influence costs, prices and demand. Once again, not just domestic but international economic developments and trends must increasingly be considered. Consequently, marketing strategy needs to take account of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ebb and flowà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ of economic factors in a global setting. (Geoff Lester, 1993) Changes and trends in the sociocultural environment present significant challenges to the strategic marketing planner. Peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s basic beliefs, attitudes and values are shaped and conditioned by the society in which they grow up. Their general behaviour, including of course their purchasing behaviour, is profoundly influenced by societal and cultural norms. Core cultural and social values are firmly established within a society and are generally difficult to change. If and when they do change, they do so only slowly. In the short term, therefore, they should be treated as parameters within which marketing strategies need to be formulated. However, over a period of say 20 to 30 years, we can expect some social and cultural values to have changed dramatically. (Geoff Lester, 1993) Technology is a major environmental influence upon marketing strategy. This influence is manifested in a variety of ways. For example, developments and breakthroughs in technology are the basis for new products and sometimes new industries. Home computers, compact disc players, video recorders and instant cameras are just a few of the product which have emerged in recent years. Biotechnology, information technology and energy conservation are just a few of the new industries. (Geoff Lester, 1993) Benefit of PEST PEST use is very important. A company needed it to operate in a country.In a country where political instability makes the future of a company changes.The time when the political stability, a natural and smooth operation of the company, by a government tax will be relatively low. nike company has stores in the world, so different in every country has the political will of nike companys works. nike company is a foreign company must be delivered to import taxes, but if the political stability, the company naturally pay low taxes. Each country has different rules, for example, is still in Muslim countries can not have exposed any advertising, so the nike company must in each country in different ways to do publicity.When the countrys economic good times, can also help greatly improve the companys sales.But when the recession will certainly affect all of the companies and people. Nike economy will affect the company.When a countrys economic good time, companies can purchase a lot better than the economy can also help the company publicity. Nike items sold by the company are about to peoples needs, such as clothes, shoes and more. So a good national economy will affect the companys operations, such as a country needs more clothes, then the company will be shipping for the national needs. But if the recession when the nike company lowered the price so people will continue shopping to maintain the economy. Community is one of them will affect a companys future. When a company started, is that the people most in need of support. In an upper class society, people will spend money on things they need the body. But in a nasty society, people need only basic needs. Sell nike shoes company is based, in a society where everyone needs to wear shoes so the community will also affect the companys business. Different ages have different needs such as athletes need shoes so the company will make different models for the athletes shoes. If more young people to that country, the company will launch a variety of different comparison slippers or shoes and so on. Upper-class society needs are different, they need is more noble, so the company will look better shoes. In a traditional society, is not to be exposed toes, so the company will have different nike shoes available. When the nike companys needs to the needs of society will naturally open up. Technology on are important to every company, this wi ll affect the companys future direction. nike companys technology has always been unchallenged for all aspects of the shoe is its own unique design. nike shoes for each of the company have put a lot of human and material resources to enable people to wear more comfortable. Former shoe factory are artificial, and now the nike company not only uses the machine also uses computer technology to produce more product information better and better products out. nike shoe companies each have mentioned the spelling of the highest, so that people wear comfortable, so people are very reliable company works. PEST on the nike company has some influence. So good a company need to control these environmental factors. With these factors, nike company makes business better. For example, if the economy is good, political stability, higher living standards, technological progress, which will make the company a lot of room for improvement. 2) Organizational structure Organizational structure in each company will have not the same. It is used to solve a companys management, every stage has a different job, different departments have different methods of management. This is the reason for the organizational structure. Not the same as in the organizational structure of the organization of methods, such as a: tall organizational structures, Flat organisational structures, Functional structures, Product structures, Division sturctures, Customer structures and so on. These are used in the operation of companies of different sizes. Now I introduce the Tall organizational structures, the organization belongs to multi-layer structure, for example, a stage that only two to three of the men, while men have only every two to three subordinates. Many companies will use this structure, because the management is easy, less friction between colleagues, every department to do their own business. Although this is a tall structure, important decisions are often the highest authorities to the report, be carried out must also be approved. So this is what one of the disadvantages often are elongated because of the time to wait for high-level decisions, which will have missed the best time. Also, if you need some high -level consultation, the need to address the underlying lack of communication was found between them. Tall organizational structure When a technology developed at the competitive big tall organizational structure of society can no longer be used in a big company, so many companies have changed into flat organizational structure. The reason is simple, this structure is to multi-layer system . In this organization, a department can have at least seven subordinates, so this will make the efficiency faster and work faster. Because more people to manage, so the head of each layer must have enough experience, and it does not require any management decision should be the highest level to decide. When a large company need to expand the market, this structure can be easily controlled by hand. For example, in a branch where only one in charge to control. This company wants to know the natural turnover of each will be more convenient. In each charge under the leadership of the response can be directly subordinate level can also be spread to shorten the time, the efficiency faster. flat organizational structures can be deleg ate power to local manager. In a busy society, people need something faster and more convenient, so the separation of powers on by the competent body that will be more easy to get the customers heart. To make a decision quickly, the efficiency to better the people demand for higher. Conclusion Therefore, the rapid progress in this society that every company must accelerate the pace can not be left behind. tall organizational structure has already been replaced by flat organizational structure in large companies, only a small company can use. In many of the environmental factors in different markets require a different management structure. Organizational structure of is to allow a company to s operations more convenient.

Literary Usage in Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie Essay

Throughout Haroun and the Sea of Stories, Salman Rushdie provides a fundamental, yet intricate variety of literary usage. These instances of literary usage provide and framework of support for the text which is to follow and to further accentuate the smaller and unnoticeable details of the story in to vital parts which are necessary for better comprehension and understanding of the meaning of the upcoming events. Symbolism is the most commonly used and most imperative literary device used by Rushdie. 'With the land of Chup, on the dark side of Kahani?This looks like the doing of the leader of the Chupwalas, the Cult master of Bezaban.'(H.S.S. Pg 75) This statement from the text has a very symbolic meaning behind it, both in terms of the society featured in the book and of reality during the time, the book was written. This statement is symbolic in the respect that it is a statement, which confirms the presence of the antagonist and the force that is being opposed. The story states that Haroun has traveled to a world in a seemingly other dimension, known as Kahani where there are a people known as the Guppees, from the land of Gup who are very talkative and have a great amount of passion toward speech and words. However, the Chupwalas in the land of Chup are a people who live completely in the darkness, and do not speak as often or at all. It is symbolized as a gloomy place where sadness dwells in the hearts of every citizen. The leader of the Chupwalas, is symbolized as the ?evil? character or antagonist in the book and he is the reason which the protagonist of the story, Haroun, and the Gup, who are symbolized as ?good?, must fight back the evil of the cult master. The presence of a dark side of Gup itself is symbolic by itse... ...ard the other through misinformation or no information at all. This is also same within a single society. A person may put up mental barriers against other people or information on others, and they may judge others even though they have never met or even seen them before. In the book thus far, this metaphorical concept of a wall, has been the single reason for war between the Chup and the Gup. If they had not created this both mental and physical barrier between each other, cultural diffusion would have solved the problem of understanding whom each of the society?s are and how they function. It would have also given both societies a chance to gain a better understanding of the customs of the other side of Kahani, therefore creating more tolerance toward each other. Rushdie, Salman. Haroun and the Sea of Stories. Delhi: Penguin, 1990. Second paperback edition 1996.

Color Imagery in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: essays papers

Color Imagery in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain And The Green Knight I believe that the color imagery in Sir Gawain And The Green Knight represents nature, as a force that man has little control over. This is evident during the journey of Sir Gawain, and later, his shame in front of King Arthur's court. Nature does as it will in ways that can not be controlled by man. The best they can do is to acknowledge the fact that it is happening. They had no control whatsoever, and therefore, were subject to it's, at times, ferocity. This is similar to the ferocity displayed by the Green Knight. The Green Knight worked under his own set of rules, and like a growing tree, man had, and still has, no control over when the tree would leaf or bloom, or how long it's branches would grow. The Green Knight, like nature, has to be understood before it can be dealt with, and even then, you are not guaranteed success. You need to know how he thinks, and play your cards right, in order to come out of the fight successfully. At first Sir Gawain was on the right path, but throughout his journey, he became sidetracked and due to that, he brought shame unto himself, and to the court of King Arthur. The story begins with a New Year's feast at Arthur's court in Camelot. All the knights and ladies gather to exchange gifts, and to eat and be merry. Everyone is laughing and having a good time, while Arthur amuses them with stories of courageous knights. The first course is served, and the guests are about to eat, when a knight, dressed totally in green, rides into the dining hall. The knight is very large, well-dressed, and imposing. It seems that he has come in peace, due to the absence of his armor and shield. The Green Knight's connection to nature is emphasized when he is presented holding a "holly bob...That is goodliest in green when groves are bare"(206-7). His closeness to nature is also apparent when the color of the knight is described as "green as the grass"(235). The Green Knight has a challenge, and he demands to speak to the head of the court. King Arthur, being the head of the court, answers the call of the Green Knight. The Green Knight proceeds to tell Arthur that it is his court who are the best and most noble knights in the land, and he has come here with a challenge.

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Marketing planning – Introduction Author: Jim Riley Last updated: Sunday 23 September, 2012 Introduction A plan is a way of achieving something. Your revision plan is a way of helping to achieve success in business studies exams. The Christmas present shopping list is a simpler example of a plan – a way of ensuring that no-one gets missed on 25 December. In business, It Is no different.If a business wants to achieve something, It Is more likely to do so with a well-constructed and realistic plan. What does planning involve? Planning involves: ? Setting objectives, quantifying targets for achievement, and communicating these targets to people responsible for achieving them Selecting strategies, tactics, programmes etc for achieving the objectives. The whole topic of planning brings with it some Important terminology that it is worth spending time getting to know well.You will come across these terms many times In your study of marketing (and business studies in general): Strategy Strategy is the method chosen to achieve goals and objectives Example: Our strategy is to grow sales and profits of our existing products and to broaden our business by ntroducing new products to our existing markets Tactics Tactics are the resources that are used in the agreed strategy Example: We will use our widespread distribution via UK supermarkets to Increase sales and existing products and Introduce new products Goals Goals concern what you are trying to achieve.Goals provide the â€Å"intention† that influence the chosen actions Marketing planning – values and vision Introduction to Values and Vision Values form the foundation of a business' management style. Values provide the Justlflcatlon of behaviour and, therefore, exert significant Influence on marketing decisions. hy are values Important in marketing? Many Japanese businesses have used the value system to provide the motivation to make them global market leaders.They have created an obsession about winning that is communicated at all levels of the business that has enabled them to take market share from competitors that appeared to be unassailable. For example, at the start of the 1970's Komatsu was less than one third the size of the market leader – Caterpillar – and relied on Just one line of smaller bulldozers for most of Its revenues. By the late 1980's it had passed Caterpillar as the world leader in earth-moving quipment.It had also adopted an aggressive diversification strategy that led it into markets such as industrial robots and semiconductors. If â€Å"values† shape the behaviour of a business, what is meant by â€Å"vision† and how does it relate to marketing planning? To succeed In the long term, businesses need a vision of how they will change and Improve In the future. The vlslon of the business gives It energy. strategy. What are the components of an effective business vision?Davidson identifies six requirements for success: â €“ Provides future direction – Expresses a consumer benefit – Is realistic – Is motivating Must be fully communicated – Consistently followed and measured Example: Our goal is to achieve market leadership in our existing markets Objectives Objectives are goals that can be quantified Examples: – We aim to achieve a market share of 20% in our existing markets – We aim to penetrate new markets by achieving a market share of at least 5% within 3 years – We aim to achieve sales of growth of 15% per annum with our existing products Aims Aims are goals that cannot be measured in a reliable way.However, they remain important as a means of providing direction and focus. Examples: We aim to delight ur customers Marketing Study Note Home I Latest Marketing Resources from the tutor2u Blog I Marketing Revision Quizzes Marketing Objectives Introduction to marketing objectives Let's face it. Of the four main functional areas ofa business, market ing has to be the most important! Marketing is at the heart of a business.Remember the definition of marketing: â€Å"The process of identifying, anticipating (predicting) and satisfying customer needs profitably' Almost every activity that a business undertakes can be linked back to this definition, whether it is: Raising finance to support an investment n new product development Introducing quality assurance and lean production to improve product profitability Training staff to improve customer service standards Ultimately, almost every functional activity or objective can be linked back to marketing.A similar picture emerges when you consider how corporate objectives link to the functional objectives for marketing. Typical corporate objectives might be to: Bea market leader within 5 years To grow market share by 5% in core markets To become the most trusted and recognised brand in our industry Each of these has a strong marketing element. Marketing objectives need to be seen as part of a hierarchy of objectives, in the sense that they are shaped and informed by the corporate objectives.A corporate objective influences a marketing objective, which in turn shapes the marketing strategies and marketing tactics employed: Marketing planning – the mission statement Mission A strategic marketing plan starts with a clearly defined business mission. Mintzberg defines a mission as follows: â€Å"A mission describes the organisation's basic function in society, in terms of the products and services it produces for its customers†. A clear business mission should ave each of the following elements: Taking each element of the above diagram in turn, what should a good mission contain? (1) A Purpose Why does the business exist?Is it to create wealth for shareholders? Does it exist to satisfy the needs of all stakeholders (including employees, and society at large? ) (2) A Strategy and Strategic Scope A mission statement provides the commercial logic for the business and so defines two things: – The products or services it offers (and therefore its competitive position) – The competences through which it tries to succeed and its method of competing A usiness' strategic scope defines the boundaries of its operations. These are set by management. For example, these boundaries may be set in terms of geography, market, business method, product etc.The decisions management make about strategic scope define the nature of the business. (3) Policies and Standards of Behaviour A mission needs to be translated into everyday actions. For example, if the business mission includes delivering â€Å"outstanding customer service†, then policies and standards should be created and monitored that test delivery. These might include onitoring the speed with which telephone calls are answered in the sales call centre, the number of complaints received from customers, or the extent of positive customer feedbackvia questionnaires. 4) Valu es and Culture The values of a business are the basic, often un-stated, beliefs of the people who work in the business. These would include: Business principles (e. g. social policy, commitments to customers) Loyalty and commitment (e. g. are employees inspired to sacrifice their personal goals for the good of the business as a whole? And does the usiness demonstrate a high level of commitment and loyalty to its staff? ) Guidance on expected behaviour – a strong sense of mission helps create a work environment where there is a common purpose What role does the mission statement play in marketing planning?In practice, a strong mission statement can help in three main ways: It provides an outline of how the marketing plan should seek to fulfil the mission It provides a means of evaluating and screening the marketing plan; are marketing decisions consistent with the mission? It provides an incentive to implement the marketing plan Marketing planning – the link with strate gy Businesses that succeed do so by creating and keeping customers. They do this by management constantly have to assess which customers they are trying to reach and how they can design products and services that provide better value (â€Å"competitive advantage†).The main problem with this process is that the â€Å"environment† in which businesses operate is constantly changing. So a business must adapt to reflect changes in the environment and make decisions about how to change the marketing mix in order to succeed. This process of adapting and decision-making is known as arketing planning. Where does marketing planning fit in with the overall strategic planning of a business? Strategic planning (which you will cover in your studies of â€Å"strategy' is concerned about the overall direction of the business.It is concerned with marketing, of course. But it also involves decision-making about production and operations, finance, human resource management and other bus iness issues. The objective of a strategic plan is to set the direction of a business and create its shape so that the products and services it provides meet the overall business objectives. Marketing has a key role to play in strategic planning, because it is the Job of marketing management to understand and manage the links between the business and the â€Å"environment†.Sometimes this is quite a straightforward task. For example, in many small businesses there is only one geographical market and a limited number of products (perhaps only one product! ). However, consider the challenge faced by marketing management in a multinational business, with hundreds of business units located around the globe, producing a wide range of products. How can such management keep control of marketing decision-making in such a complex ituation? This calls for well-organised marketing planning.What are the key issues that should be addressed in marketing planning? The following questions lie at the heart of any marketing (or indeed strategic) planning process: Where are we now? How did we get there? Where are we heading? Where would we like to be? How do we get there? Are we on course? Why is marketing planning essential? Businesses operate in hostile and increasingly complex environment. The ability of a business to achieve profitable sales is impacted by dozens of environmental factors, any of which are inter-connected.It makes sense to try to bring some order to this chaos by understanding the commercial environment and bringing some strategic sense to the process of marketing products and services. A marketing plan is useful to many people in a business. It can help to: Identify sources of competitive advantage Gain commitment to a strategy Get resources needed to invest in and build the business Inform stakeholders in the business Set objectives and strategies Measure performance justification of behaviour and, therefore, exert significant influence on marketing e cisions.Why are values important in marketing? Caterpillar – and relied on Just one line of smaller bulldozers for most of its revenues. markets such as industrial robots and semiconductors. If shape the marketing planning? To succeed in the long term, businesses need a vision of how they will change and improve in the future. The vision of the business gives it energy. It helps motivate employees. It helps set the direction of corporate and marketing providing better value for the customer than the competition. Marketing Marketing planning – values and vision