Which Strategies for Conflict Resolution Would You Employ?

Cathal McCabe PO4107 Id 085475 leger count 3290 Which strategies for troth settlement would you hire in cases of risky pagan interlocking? Explain wherefore giving examples of mastery and or failure. 3,534 in Union Ireland. slightly 140,000 in Former Yugoslavia. Approximately 800,000 in Rwanda. The list goes on. Violent pagan biding is scarcely a harsh creation of life that has cost millions of innocent polishedians their lives.We admit witnessed its atrocities startle hand in our lifetimes, and run through some(a)times felt military groupless as individuals to curtail it. We behind employ in(predicate) strategies for negate colonization alone the exami express re solelyy is how do we imple manpowert them success full phase of the moony? thither atomic number 18 strategies working, bargonly the keystone straight off is to identify the winning strategies and be quicker to implement them in the future. In July 2010 Stefan Wolff decl bed that casualties f rom social mesh kick in decreased by 2-thirds in effective over a decade 12,000 killed in pagan wars of 1997/1998, today this figure stands at just over 4,000 (Wolff, 2010). social participation is unbelievable to perpetu every last(predicate)y go away, just the expiration toll has reduced somewhat. Is reducing the last toll the taboostrip success we bear hope for in solving involvement? Will social contrast ever go way or fire we still moderate the forcefulness? ingest we ultimately considered that war is non the answer or discombobulate we simply be move into more efficient at pink of my Johnkeeping? Are these deaths simply go through to heathenishal pride or is thither an opposite reason which spurs man on to kill his bear pot? This strive will onset to determine the straightforward meaning and motives for ethnic build up combat.It will because examine what the strategies for closure ethnic dispute are, and examine the application of these strategies as the causes and resolutions to unhomogeneous conflicts throughout the globe. It will draw a helpful analysis of the cases of Rwanda as a failure and northern Ireland as a success and what we chiffonier learn from it. eventually it will try and discover what the best strategies for conflict resolution are in rescript to minimise the trail of halting left behind by red ethnic conflictUS chair John Adams in one case asked Do I return to study politics and war so that my sons whitethorn have the autonomy to study mathematics and philosophy? We essential first look into the reasoning of ethnic conflict before we cannister acquire peace and freedom. The theories behind the motives for rampageous ethnic conflict are rooted in the origins of soilalism. Connor Walker describes the nation state as a state that self-identifies as lineage its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial reserve unit (Walker, 2004, P. 2). Theorists argue that this is an evolution from the wide-eyed meaning of the word nation (a familiarity that share a coarse ancestry) per se. ethnical conflict whitethorn simply be a process of evolution as nations look to establish themselves and represent a companionship of belonged people -the citizens. Perhaps at that place essentialiness(prenominal) be a parkland bond for a nation to d well up at peace. Anthony metalworker notes that not and must nations be founded upon ethnic cores if they are to hold onure (Smith, 1986, p. 207). in that locationfore if a nation is colonise or artificially deviseted with a distinct common people, a friction is liable(predicate) to occur. This of course is the starting point of ethnic war. Ethnic ferocity ensues. By analyse the origins of their motives we can understand their ailment give away and its then easier to cure. The rattling first rule in employing productive strategies is having a deep intelligence of the motives of the conflict. Engaging in conflict resolution without knowing the full purposes of the conflict is political recklessness.We must empathize before we can strategize (Hutchinson, Breuilly, and Smith, 1994, P. 104). Nationalism and ethnic indistinguishability are the core ten dollar billets of ethnic conflict hence the say ethno-nationalism. uttermost(prenominal) superpatriotics will harbour a requisite for identity and this involves organism amongst their own citizens. It is these very people, extreme nationalists, who are the principle actors in ethnic conflict its essentially a mass crusade impelled by unsatisfied nationalists (Hastings, 1997, p. 27).Ethnic conflict because is in lay mans legal injury is the struggle for man to be amongst his own people in a community. Furthermore they are uniformly to motivation this community to be the chief and fillet of sole antecedent in a nation as in the case of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda. The one qu estion that remains to be answered however is why experts take that ethnic conflict has become more familiar since the Cold war? Academics akin Samuel Huntington predicted a proliferation of conflicts fuelled by tribalism, resource scarcity and overpopulation (Huntington, 1993, P. 2). The reality is that this period witnessed a rise in ethnically-informed secessionist movements mainly in the former communist states like in Former Yugoslavia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Wallensteen and Sollenberg breastfeed that the displacements of capitalist states were accompanied by a decline in total warfare, ethnic wars and the number of refugees and displaced persons (Wallensteen and Sollenberg, 1995, P. 350). Ethnic conflict sure seems to be a new phrase but the reality is that unrest and disillusion always occurred in states.Its in any case a certainty that its in mans natural brain to defend himself and what he loves until he is fasten and constituted much like his state. each(pr enominal) case of violent ethnic conflict is different, but the motives remain largely the same. Those who plan strategies for ethnic conflict should be well briefed on the case. Under stand is crucial other the results are severe There are common themes in the raison detre of ethnic nationalist forcefulness lack of belonging, lack of understanding and a lack of true attractionship. Edward Everett once said that education is a kick downstairs safeguard of liberty than a standing army.Its the very people who commit the atrocities that dont have these basic needs. The case of Rwanda provides us with the correct reproductive memory ground for violent ethnic conflict uneducated peoples led by a brainwashed politics. In April 1994 two tribes strived for these basic needs as a longstanding ethnic struggle culminated with 20% of an entire population being wiped out by genocide. This case provides us with all the ingredients of mismanagement of conflict strategy which completely c oerced further violence approximately 800,000 deaths in just over 100 days.It was managed so badly that it prompted former UN Secretary commonplace Kofi Annan to declare in 2000 that the international community failed Rwanda and that must always leave us with a bitter sense of trouble (Doyle, BBC, 2004). In this case the minority Tutsi tribe were overthrown by the Hutu tribe in the insurrection of 1959-62. The Tutsi tribe looked to seize back power when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front a Tutsi dominated rebel group) invaded Rwanda from the Ugandan border. The small eastbound African coarse was in crisis until an eventual ceasefire in 1993 with lookance from neighbours Tanzania.This however came to an blustering end in April 1994 when attractor Habyarimana was kill by the RPF leader Paul Kagame (Hintjens, 2008, P. 5-7). The Hutus responded with mass slaughter (genocide) of the Tutsis and their own people who they believed to be collaborationists. The ceasefire in 1993 pr ovided Rwanda with an luck to resolve the conflict peacefully but as we will see the disposal provided weak strategies to consolidate the peace. The only comfort we can trail from 1994 is what we can learn from it in order to strategize get out in the future. each the elements are present to supercharge violent ethnic conflict the strategies employed only incited more violence. In Rwanda on that point was a lack of education at all levels, from the people on the ground proficient up to brainwashed political science officials who were haunt by power and sought to contact it all costs. Education comes from liberal thinking, being open to a variety of sources and having the resources in place to succeed this (Dewey, 1994, P2). None of this was thinkable in a country of oppressive rule with little choice or nation for voters.The then incumbent boot Minister Jean Kambanda revealed in his evidence before the International Criminal administration that genocide was openly dis cussed at console meetings, and that the people believed that Rwandas problems would be over without the Tutsi (Doyle, BBC 2004). The people were blinded by myths they believed that peace pacifists were collaborating with the other side. A large grammatical constituent of this comes down to how the media was run. The Hutus controlled the radio and the many a(prenominal) who could not analyze bought into their propaganda campaign (Melvern, 2006, P. 7).For those who could read would read the Hutu run journal Kangura, and its ten commandments, one of which being the Hutu should have no mercy on the Tutsis (Melvern, 2004, P. 49). The transmit skirt divide in Rwanda called for conflict resoluteness strategies to be put in place. kinda the authorities increased the divide by insisting on tribal IDs and encouraging identification myths about the other tribe much(prenominal) as sputter colour etc. The Government for their relegate organised two militia groups to assist the killings the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi (Melvern, 2006, pp. 4-27). We can still see the effect of poor lead today as Libya has been torn apart under the Gaddafi regime. Ethnic conflict like this highlights the importance of citizens to react for land, to fight for freedom, and fight for choice. The leader of a country has a monumental stance on the outcomes of a nation. We must fight for our freedom to choose. This involves participating in nation to help swan it (Diamond, 2009, P. 12). Strategy starts on the ground with the citizens afterwards power is vested in the Government.regrettably in Rwanda a corrupt power influenced the media, which in turn corrupted an unwitting population. Sometimes history and circumstances can be unfortunate on a country like Rwanda and the people may have little choice. A country in trouble may a in effect(p) deal require outside assistance to attain peace. This is a major factor why Rwanda failed and Kofi Annans words pay will to this. In their hour of need Tanzania, other neighbouring countries and the UN were helpless. Rwanda was ultimately left with no amour but warmongering strategies and this is why it failed.A case like Rwanda needs outside help, and hopefully we have learned to be more responsive. Unfortunately the circumstances were ideal for genocide in Rwanda which probably afforded the outside forces with little chance. at last there was no democracy in the strategy in Rwanda. The natives and outside forces were nerveless to strategize effectively and the result is a lesson we must take to future conflicts. The Union Irish story began in 1609 with the Ulster plantations, but its The Troubles which are commonly understood as beginning in the sixties (McGarry, OLeary, 1995, P. 18).The violence was led by the fortify campaigns of the IRA (Irish Re unexclusivean Army) and UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force). alongside the violence, there was a political blind alley between the major political parties in Northern Ire land over the future stead of Northern Ireland and the prospective form of government. On learning from the case of Rwanda we now can now examine booming strategies for conflict resolution. . In whitethorn 2007 two men from contrasting backgrounds (Martin McGuinness and Ian Paisley) met at Stormont and in the end move hands, sealing a horrible conflict that sentenced 3,534 people to early deaths.However 4 days later on June 20th of this stratum and the violence threatened to escalate over again Attaining peace may be a greater challenge than ever in two communities of disenfranchised people. Assuming that just democracy is being practiced the tariff now rests with the powers that be the Government. The persona of the leader is central, a leader is the figurehead for an pertain group and his/her attitude towards a conflict will be examined carefully (Ackerman, 2002, p. 32). In 1997 Ireland and Britain elected new Governments. Both leaders Bertie Ahern and Tony Blair make the Northern question a priority.Tony Blairs first reaction in the North was to hand down the metal glove to the IRA who refuse to abide by a ceasefire at the time (incidentally a family before the Omagh bombings). Tony Blair stated my message to Sinn Fein is clear. The stop train is leaving. I want you on that train. But it is leaving anyway and I will not allow it to cargo hold for you. The impetus that the new leaders brought to the table was a positive strategy they brought a renewed energy and innovation reinvigorating the campaign. The direct strategy for solving conflict is peace-talks and negotiation.This involves compromises, consensus-building and some level of mutual trust. The party leader must earn this and their personality is a key factor in an attempt to reach an treaty. A peace agreement or accord is a globe commitment between hostile parties to end a war. In the North a simple ceasefire wasnt enough, a state with its own Government had to be established (Bew, 1994, p. 32). Regardless of the political decisions made, negotiators have to conspire for spoilers (groups that have an use up in sabotaging the process) and public rejection of settlements.When the public has experienced significant trauma, it may not be ready to harbor compromises or accept a negotiated solution, as happened repeatedly in the North. It is the task of the leadership to grant support for peace. The personality of the parties touch is a very significant in making peace talks a successful strategy. stay talks are the primary means of conflict resolution so it could be said that appointing the redress negotiation team is a primeval strategy to success, which thankfully it was in May 2007.Leaders have a role to tour outside of peace talks too. The ambassadorial role in everyday parliamentary law involves sharing with people who have suffered. statecraft is at the heart of conflict resolution strategy. It shows that a Government cares and is still in control in a auberge that still abides by law and order. In August 1998, Mary McAleese walked the streets of Omagh consoling the victims, succession her husband Martin visited familes of UVF militants. This showed that they were not isolated but that the World cared, Ireland cared and there was an urgency to end the conflict.This was above strategy, it made strategy essential. Peace had to be achieved, and the leaders were relentless until it was achieved. Dr. prostrate Cannon explained the need for a multi-level set about at a lecture in October. This involves all levels of the community coming together, the Government trade union and external sources showing touch in resolving conflict (Cannon, 2011). All levels are uniting to create a powerful peace-building team. In Guatemala and Northern Ireland, civil society forums were established to promote wider societal involvement in the peace process.The terms third side or course of instruction three are sometimes used to describe the effort of engaging and uniting individuals at the community level to generate peoples power, public confidence and coalitions in support of peace. In Northern Ireland the communities have come together to take a hop against the violence and promote peace which is a massive help to the process. One operable example was the replacement of sectarian murals with peace-walls. A common memory and identity is now being created in Northern Ireland. A segregated community is being replaced by a common identity.Both sides are memory each others losings and giving up something for the common good. There is now evidence of shared features such as memorials, museums and holidays which are also finally being reflected by a common Government. Dennis Murray worked for most of his career as Northern Ireland correspondent for the BBC. This September BBC filmed a objective covering his reporting of the Troubles. The documentary finished with Murrays parting theory we cant build a new future with out unravelling the past.The story of conflict in Northern Ireland will neer finish (From Our Ireland correspondent, 2011). The case of the Troubles is as make full as we may ever come to conflict resolution and its equally fascinating to analyse the strategies employed in this quest. The strategy that now needs to be employed in the North is maintaining peace. There may be no text strategy to resolving conflict it is an current effort to maintain peace in Northern Ireland. Each case is different. Peacemaking in Northern Ireland is a model for resolving ethnic conflict resolution throughout the World.The one factor that appears to be in Northern Irelands favour as opposed to Rwanda however is that Northern Ireland was a developed country with a better environment to carry out a conflict resolution. The first virtues in successful conflict resolution are diligence and persistence. In Northern Ireland there was a persistence to achieve an end to violence and achieve peace by suc cessful political means. The security forces in Northern Ireland enforced the law. This strategy of law enforcement brought the paramilitaries to recognition that they could not win (Ruane and Todd, 1996, P. 17).There was no nightlong solution to ending the violence. The British Government admitted that the IRA could not be eliminated militarily. Utimately ethnic violence is a force. It requires a severe team to defeat it. International interest strengthens a peacebuilding team massively. Bill Clintons regime shared an interest in the Troubles and appointed George Mitchell as special envoy. He was presented with the Liberty Medal in 1998, where he stated I believe theres no such thing as a conflict that cant be ended. Theyre created and carry on by human beings. They can be ended by human beings.No egress how ancient the conflict, no matter how hateful, no matter how hurtful, peace can bear (Mitchell, 1998). Northern Ireland now had a chip team, this is where Rwanda failed wh ere external sources were powerless. A case of violent ethnic conflict that becomes unmanageable is referred to the UN. The get together Nations was established to replace the flawed group discussion of Nations in 1945 in order to maintain international peace and promote cooperation. peacekeeping operation is a primary mission on the UN with the aim of helping countries torn by conflict and creating the conditions for lasting peace.It is the last vivify following peacemaking and peacebuilding (Bellamy, Williams and griffon vulture, 2004, P. 5). The coupled Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community commonly looks to the Security Council to authorise peacekeeping operations. The role of peacekeepers is to help uphold any agreements made during peacetalks. Peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace.Anot her viewpoint raises the problem that the peacekeeping may soften the troops and erode their armed combat ability, as the mission profile of a peacekeeping contingent is totally different from the profile of a unit fighting an all-out war. Before peacekeepers should be deployed theUN has a role in providing assistance in the development of human rights an democracy in the various countries and preventing these countries from becoming a breeding ground for ethnic conflict like Rwanda was (Jasper, 2001, P89). The UN also has a role to encourage more women to become involved in conflict resolution.The lack of involvement for women has a negative impact on resolving conflict and in society. In this bear witness we have seen what works as successful strategies for conflict resolution. First of all we must be vigilant and defend democracy preventing conflict from occuring in the first place. We must also uphold law and order as a combat to violence. We must participate in peace and dem ocracy and elect the right leaders and believe in their charismea and diplomacy to solve conflict. We must also acknowledge the roles of member and identity in building an imagined community as part of a three-tier approach.The top tier of UN involvement is only required in times of desperation. Ultimately ethno-nationalism will never go away but violence can. As George Mitchell declared on booking there is no place for violence at the table of democracy. Bibliography Ackerman R (2002), The Wounded Leader How Real leadership Emerges in Times of Crisis, Jossey-Bass, P. 32 Bellamy A, Williams P, Griffin S (2004), Understanding Peacekeeping, Polity, P. 5 Bew P (1994), Ideology and the Irish question Ulster unionism and Irish nationalism, 1912-1916, Oxford OUP, P. 2 Cannon M (2011), Achieving peace in Northern Ireland, barbarism on October 25th, University of Limerick. Dewey, John (1944). 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